Who invented road signs? When and where did road signs appear? The history of the appearance of road signs

19.08.2023

Coursework: Teaching schoolchildren traffic rules

Introduction

Chapter I. Theoretical analysis of methodological literature on traffic rules

1.1.History of road signs

1.2. Methods of teaching schoolchildren traffic rules

Chapter II. Development of a methodological manual on information signs and service signs

2.1. Detailed lesson scenarios

2.2. Technology Lesson Plans

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

IN Russian Federation Traffic rules are a fundamental law that regulates the relationship of all road users. They are all guided by the permissions or prohibitions prescribed in the traffic rules.

Teaching schoolchildren the culture of behavior on the street is closely related to the development of children's spatial orientation. In addition, every teacher must remember that it is impossible to raise a disciplined pedestrian if such important qualities as attention, composure, responsibility, caution, and confidence are not instilled from childhood.

The presence of road signs makes an undeniable contribution to road safety. Based on this, selected topic course work is relevant.

Object of course work is the study of traffic rules and techniques for regulating them.

Subject of course work is the design of a visual aid for information signs and service signs.

The purpose of the course work is the development and production of a manual on traffic rules.

Hypothesis This work boils down to the fact that the implementation of project activities is effective if:

2. For the greatest efficiency in mastering the material, teaching aids will be used in the classroom.

3. Formation of the child’s motivational and behavioral culture in the conditions of communication with the road.

Coursework objectives are:

1. Review of theoretical and methodological literature on information signs and service signs.

2. Develop a manual on traffic rules.

Coursework methods when performing the assigned tasks are:

1. Theoretical analysis of scientific, technical and methodological literature on this work.

2. Application of logical techniques of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization to build deductive and inductive conclusions presented in the presentation of this work.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE ON ROAD TRAFFIC RULES

HISTORY OF ROAD SIGNS

The first road signs appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads. The next step was to give the roadside structures a specific shape to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. For this purpose, sculptures began to be placed along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.

After the emergence of writing, inscriptions began to be made on stones, usually writing the name of the settlement to which the road leads.

The world's first system of road signs arose in Ancient Rome in the 3rd century. BC. Along the most important roads, the Romans placed cylindrical mile posts with the distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the Temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a Golden Mile Pillar, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.

This system later became widespread in many countries. Russia was no exception - in the 16th century. On the instructions of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, mileposts about 4 m high with eagles on top were installed on the road leading from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye. However, their widespread distribution began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree “to install mileposts painted and signed with numbers, to place arms along the miles at intersections with an inscription where each one lies.” Quite quickly, mileposts appeared on all the main roads of the state.

Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the 18th century. poles began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted with black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

The appearance of the first self-propelled carriages on the roads required fundamental changes in the organization of road traffic. No matter how imperfect the first cars were, they moved much faster than horse-drawn carriages. The driver of the car had to react faster to the emerging danger than the coachman.

It is also necessary to take into account that the horse, although dumb, is an animal; due to this, it reacts to an obstacle by at least slowing down its run, which cannot be said about horsepower under the hood of a horseless carriage.

Accidents that happened to cars were not so frequent, but they had a great resonance in public opinion due to their uniqueness. And it is necessary to respond to public opinion.

The combination of the above conditions led to the fact that in 1903 the first road signs: on the black or blue background of the square signs, symbols were painted with white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”.

Rapid development road transport set the same tasks for each country: how to improve traffic organization and travel safety. To resolve these issues, representatives of European countries gathered in 1909 in Paris at a conference on automobile traffic, at which the “International Convention regarding the Movement of Motor Vehicles” was developed and adopted, regulating the basic principles of road traffic and requirements for a car. This convention introduced four road signs: “Rough Road”, “Winding Road”, “Intersection” and “Railway Intersection”. It was recommended to install signs 250 m before the dangerous area at right angles to the direction of travel.

After the ratification of the Convention, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Russian cities. However, motorists did not pay attention to them.

In 1921, a special Commission on Automobile Traffic was created under the League of Nations, on whose initiative a new International Conference was convened in Paris in 1926 with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the road sign system was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railway crossing” and “Stopping is required”; a triangular shape was introduced for warning signs. Four years later in Geneva at the Conference on traffic A new “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” was adopted. The number of road signs increased to 26, and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and directional.

In 1927, six road signs were standardized and put into effect in the Soviet Union. In 1933, 16 more were added to them and total number amounted to 22. It is curious that road signs of that time were divided into suburban and urban. The urban group was the largest - it included 12 characters. Among them was a sign warning of approaching a danger not covered by the warning signs. It was a triangle with a red border and an empty white field. Emptiness symbolized other dangers. The driver's imagination could draw anything he wanted on the white field.

In addition to the “Railway Crossing” warning sign depicting rails, an “Unguarded Railroad Crossing” sign is being introduced featuring a steam locomotive with a large chimney with smoke coming out of it. The locomotive symbol is depicted with support buffers at the front and rear, on four wheels and without a tender.

The signs of that time were different from modern ones: for example, the familiar “No Traffic” sign limited only freight traffic; the sign prohibiting stopping was similar to the modern “No Parking” and had a horizontal stripe, and the “Permitted direction of travel” sign had an unusual diamond shape. It should be added that even then there was a sign “Exit from the side road to the main road” in the form of an inverted triangle.

In the pre-war years in different countries There were two main systems of road signs in the world: the European one, based on the 1931 International Convention, based on the use of symbols, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols. American signs were rectangular in shape with black or red inscriptions on a white background. Prohibitory signs were written in red. The warning signs were diamond shaped with black symbols on a yellow background.

In 1940, the first standard Rules and a list of standard signs were approved in the Soviet Union. The list of signs included 5 warning, 8 prohibitory and 4 information signs. The warning signs were in the shape of a yellow equilateral triangle with a black, later red, border and blue symbols. Prohibitory signs were in the shape of a yellow circle with a red border and black symbols. The indicator signs were in the shape of a yellow circle with a black border and black symbols.

In the empty field of the sign “Other hazards” appears Exclamation point"!" The sign is called "Danger". The triangle is installed at the production sites road works, steep ascents, descents and other dangers where special care is required when moving vehicles. In populated areas, the sign is placed directly at the place of danger, on country roads - at a distance of 150-250 meters.

Five signs in the Rules had the title “Special traffic conditions at a controlled intersection of streets or roads.” Two out of five signs regulated the direction of movement left - right only when the traffic light is red. Three more - when it's green. They had the shape of a yellow circle, with a black arrow and a red or green circle. These signs were used until the introduction of traffic lights with additional sections in 1961.

One cannot help but dwell on an interesting detail: the “Rough Road” sign has disappeared from the list of warning signs. It seems difficult to explain the withdrawal of this sign from circulation: either all the roads became smooth and such a sign was no longer necessary, or all the roads were so bumpy that installing the sign was simply pointless. The “Rough Road” sign reappears in the list of signs only in 1961.

After the end of World War II, attempts were made to create a uniform road signaling system for all countries of the world. In 1949, the next conference on road traffic was held in Geneva, at which a new “Protocol on Road Signs and Signals” was adopted, based on the European system of road signs. For this reason, it was not signed by the countries of the American continent.

The Protocol provided recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. A white or yellow background was provided for warning and prohibition signs, and a blue background for prescriptive signs. The protocol provided for 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 2 prescriptive and 9 directional signs.

To the International Convention on Roads and Motor Transport of 1949. The Soviet Union joined in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, uniform traffic rules on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to apply. Along with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, prohibitions to 22, and directional signs to 10. A sign indicating the intersection of the main road with a secondary road was added to the group of warning signs.

Signs indicating permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows.

Signs indicating the direction to avoid obstacles received rectangular arrows.

The new “Roundabout” sign requires movement through an intersection or square in the direction indicated by the arrows before exiting onto one of the adjacent streets or roads.

The “Turn point for moving in the opposite direction” sign becomes blue and square in shape and becomes a group of indicators.

Much in these signs is unusual for the modern driver. The sign “Traveling without stopping is prohibited” had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the vertex down, on which “Stop” was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it was obligatory to give way to oncoming traffic.

Prohibitory signs installed in front of the intersection extended their effect only to the road being crossed. The “No Parking” sign had a yellow background with a red border and a black letter P crossed out by a red stripe, and the familiar “No Parking” sign was used to prohibit stopping vehicles.

In addition, there were unusual “Movement” signs that were unusual for us. trucks" and "Motorcycle traffic."

In addition to road signs, during the period under review, road signs were widely used, which were yellow plates with black inscriptions. They designated pedestrian crossings, the number of traffic lanes, and regulated the location of vehicles on the roadway. Outside populated areas, indicators of directions of movement and distances to populated areas and other objects were used. These signs had a blue background and white lettering.

In 1965, the sign “Controlled intersection (road section)” appeared for the first time. Three traffic lights: red, yellow and green, depicted on the field of the sign, indicated traffic regulation not only by the traffic light, but also by the traffic controller.

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Convention on Road Signs and Signals were adopted at the UN Conference in Vienna. Corresponding changes have also been made to the Rules in force on the territory of the USSR. In 1973, throughout the territory Soviet Union new traffic rules come into force and new standard"Road signs".

The signs, in force since 1973, have become familiar to modern car enthusiasts. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indicator signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs. The “Winding Road” warning sign has two versions – with the first turn to the right and with the first turn to the left.

In addition to the existing Steep Descent sign, a Steep Ascent sign appears. The percentage of the slope is indicated on the signs.

The “Road Crossing” sign began to be installed only before the intersection of roads of equal importance. When it was installed, both roads were equivalent, even if one was paved and the other was unpaved.

In addition to the “Intersection with a secondary road” sign, its variants “Junction with the main secondary road” appeared. The junction of the road could be shown at an angle of 45, 90 and 135 degrees, depending on the characteristics of the intersection.

The group of prohibitory signs has also undergone significant changes. Was introduced new sign“No Stopping”, still used today, the former “No Stopping” sign has become a prohibition for parking. The sign “Traveling without stopping is prohibited” took the form of a regular red octagon with a white inscription “STOP” on English language. This sign was introduced into the 1968 Convention and the Road Traffic Regulations from American practice. The "End of All Restricted Zone" sign has a white background with a gray border and several slanted gray stripes. The new rules introduced variations of it that abolish the ban on overtaking and the maximum speed limit.

The signs, made on a white or yellow background, informed about movement through a populated area, in which the requirements of the rules establishing the order of movement in populated areas apply. Signs with a blue background informed that the rules establishing traffic rules in the populated area do not apply on this road. Such signs were installed on the road passing through small rural settlements, the buildings of which were located far from the road, and pedestrian traffic was sporadic.

Additional information signs received a white background with black images. The sign indicating the direction of the turn received a red background.

In 1980, a new standard “Road Signs” was introduced. With some changes, it was in effect until January 1, 2006.

The signs “Approaching a railway crossing” and “Single track” were transferred to the group of warning signs from the group of additional information. Railway", "Multi-track railway" and "Turn direction". The latter received a third variety, installed at T-shaped intersections or road forks, if there is a danger of their passage in the forward direction.

Two versions of the “Animals on the Road” sign became independent signs: “Cattle Driving” and “Wild Animals”.

New warning signs have appeared: “Roundabout”, “Low-flying aircraft”, “Tunnel”, “Intersection with cycle path”.

A new group of road signs has appeared - priority signs that establish the order of passage through intersections and narrowed sections of roads. Signs for this section were previously located in other groups.

Big changes have occurred in the group of prohibition signs. The sign “Motor traffic is prohibited” began to be called “Motor vehicle traffic is prohibited,” and signs appeared limiting the length of vehicles and the distance between them.

The most significant innovation was the appearance of the “Customs” sign, prohibiting travel without stopping at the customs (checkpoint). The word “customs” on the sign is written in the languages of the border countries.

The “Parking” sign has received two versions, prohibiting parking on odd and even dates. Their appearance made it easier to organize snow removal in winter.

The most numerous group of signs was information and directional. Signs informing about the location of various service objects were separated into a separate group of service signs.

Many new signs have appeared in the information and signage group. The former "Expressway" sign began to designate a road intended exclusively for the movement of cars, buses and motorcycles. A new “Motorway” sign was introduced to indicate expressways.

Signs appeared indicating the direction of movement along the lanes, the beginning and end of additional lanes on the rise.

The new road sign “Recommended Speed” began to indicate the recommended speed on city streets equipped with automated traffic control systems and on dangerous sections of roads indicated by warning signs.

A new group of signs was used on roads with lanes allocated for oncoming traffic of route vehicles and indicated:

where they stop,

· underground and overground pedestrian crossings,

· the direction to bypass a section of the road closed to traffic.

The new “Traffic Pattern” sign began to be used to indicate the route of movement when certain maneuvers are prohibited at an intersection or to indicate permitted directions of movement at complex intersections.

The “Stop Line” sign has been transferred to the group of information and directional signs.

The next changes took place in 1987. The group of prohibitory signs was supplemented with the “Danger” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception in connection with a traffic accident, accident or other danger.

The “Closed Passage” sign became known as “Pedestrians Prohibited.”

In the group of information and directional signs, signs have appeared, as well as signs informing about the organization of traffic during the repair of a road with a dividing strip, as well as signs indicating a road with reversible traffic.

In the group of additional information signs (plates), a “Wet surface” sign has appeared, indicating that the sign is valid only during the period of time when the roadway surface is wet, as well as signs extending or canceling the validity of the signs to cars of disabled people.

The next update of road signs occurred in 1994. It is associated with the introduction of a new section into the traffic rules regulating traffic in residential areas and courtyard areas, as well as signs regulating the movement of vehicles transporting dangerous goods.

In 2001, the group of service signs was supplemented with two new signs: “Road Patrol Service Post” and “International Road Transport Control Post.”

At the end of the 90s. The development of a new standard “Road Signs” has begun, containing significant changes to the current sign system. It came into force on January 1, 2006. The main goal of these changes is to bring the domestic standard defining the nomenclature of road signs into more precise compliance with the 1968 International Convention.

The group of warning signs has been supplemented by three new signs: the “Artificial Bump” sign, which indicates an artificial bump to force a reduction in speed, better known as a “speed bump”, the “Dangerous Roadside” sign, which warns that going onto the side of the road is dangerous, and the “Congestion” sign, warning drivers about traffic congestion.

The latter sign should be used, in particular, during road works and installed before an intersection at which it is possible to bypass a section of the road where a traffic jam has formed.

The group of priority signs has been supplemented by variations of the “Intersection with a secondary road” sign, showing the intersection at an acute or right angle. It should be noted that these types of signs existed in the Road Traffic Rules until 1980. The group of prohibitory signs was supplemented by the “Control” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception without stopping in front of a control post - a police post, a border crossing, entry into a closed area, toll points on toll highways.

The image on sign 3.7 “Moving with a trailer is prohibited” has changed, but the meaning of the sign remains the same. Signs “No overtaking” and “No overtaking by trucks” began to prohibit overtaking of all vehicles, including single vehicles, moving at a speed of less than 30 km/h.

The group of mandatory signs was freed from the “Movement” sign passenger cars" In its meaning, it was similar to the sign “Traffic is prohibited”, but, unlike the latter, it prohibited the movement of non-motorized vehicles (bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles). The configuration of the arrows on the “Move to the right” and “Move to the left” signs has changed.

According to the new standard, the group of information and directional signs is divided into two independent groups: signs of special requirements and information.

The group of signs with special instructions includes, in particular, the previous information and directional signs that establish or cancel a special traffic regime: “Highway”, “Road for cars”, “Road with one way traffic", "Reverse movement" and others.

Variants of the “Start of settlement” and “End of settlement” signs with a white background have appeared, on which a symbolic image of the silhouette of a medieval city is added to the name of the settlement. Such a sign should be installed in front of a built-up area that is not part of a populated area, for example, in front of holiday villages.

Several new characters appeared in the same group. In particular, a sign appeared indicating an artificial roughness, establishing speed mode on separate lanes of a multi-lane roadway.

In the group of special regulations signs, zonal signs have appeared indicating a pedestrian zone, a zone where parking is permitted or prohibited, and a maximum speed limit. The coverage area was limited by “bumper” signs that marked the end of the designated area. The group of information signs includes the previous information and directional signs indicating the place and area for a turn, parking place, pedestrian crossings, preliminary direction signs, detour signs for a section of the road closed to traffic. New signs also appeared in this group: a sign indicating an emergency stop lane, for example, on mountain roads, as well as a sign informing drivers entering Russian territory about general speed limits. The group of service marks now has 18 symbols instead of 12. New signs: “Police”, “Traffic Radio Reception Area” and “Emergency Radio Communications Area”, “Pool or Beach” and “Toilet”.

In the group of signs " Additional information» signs have appeared that, in combination with the “Parking Place” sign, indicate intercept parking lots combined with metro stations or public transport stops, as well as a “Trolley type” sign vehicle", used with a sign limiting the load on an axle, to indicate the number of adjacent vehicle axles, for each of which the value shown on the sign is the most permissible.

Road signs belong to one of the most dynamic groups of technical means of traffic management. The development of transport and the specifics of road traffic put forward new requirements, to successfully meet which new road signs are introduced.

The next step was to give the roadside structures a specific shape to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. For this purpose, sculptures began to be placed along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.

After the emergence of writing, inscriptions began to be made on stones, usually writing the name of the settlement to which the road leads.

However, their widespread distribution began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree “to install mileposts painted and signed with numbers, to place arms along the miles at intersections with an inscription where each one lies.” Quite quickly, mileposts appeared on all the main roads of the state.

It is also necessary to take into account that the horse, although dumb, is an animal; due to this, it reacts to an obstacle by at least slowing down, which cannot be said about the horsepower under the hood of a horseless carriage.

Accidents that happened to cars were not so frequent, but they had a great resonance in public opinion due to their uniqueness. And it is necessary to respond to public opinion.

The combination of the above conditions led to the fact that in 1903 the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were painted in white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”.

The rapid development of road transport has posed the same challenges for each country: how to improve traffic management and travel safety. To resolve these issues, representatives of European countries gathered in 1909 in Paris at a conference on automobile traffic, at which the “International Convention regarding the Movement of Motor Vehicles” was developed and adopted, regulating the basic principles of road traffic and requirements for a car. This convention introduced four road signs: “Rough Road”, “Winding Road”, “Intersection” and “Railway Intersection”. It was recommended to install signs 250 m before the dangerous area at right angles to the direction of travel.

After the ratification of the Convention, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Russian cities. However, motorists did not pay attention to them.

In 1921, a special Commission on Automobile Traffic was created under the League of Nations, on whose initiative a new International Conference was convened in Paris in 1926 with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the road sign system was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railway crossing” and “Stopping is required”; a triangular shape was introduced for warning signs. Four years later, at the Road Traffic Conference in Geneva, a new “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” was adopted. The number of road signs increased to 26, and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and directional.

In 1927, six road signs were standardized and put into effect in the Soviet Union. In 1933, 16 more were added to them and the total number was 22. It is curious that road signs of that time were divided into suburban and urban. The urban group was the largest - it included 12 characters. Among them was a sign warning of approaching a danger not covered by the warning signs. It was a triangle with a red border and an empty white field. Emptiness symbolized other dangers. The driver's imagination could draw anything he wanted on the white field.

In the pre-war years, two main systems of road signs were in operation in different countries of the world: the European one, based on the International Convention of 1931, based on the use of symbols, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols. American signs were rectangular in shape with black or red inscriptions on a white background. Prohibitory signs were written in red. The warning signs were diamond shaped with black symbols on a yellow background.

An exclamation point "!" appears in the empty field of the "Other hazards" sign. The sign is called "Danger". The triangle is installed in areas where road work is being carried out, steep ascents, descents and other dangers, where special care is required when moving vehicles. In populated areas, the sign is placed directly at the place of danger, on country roads - at a distance of 150 - 250 meters.

Five signs in the Rules had the title “Special traffic conditions at a controlled intersection of streets or roads.” Two out of five signs regulated the direction of movement from left to right only when the traffic light was red. Three more - when it's green. They had the shape of a yellow circle, with a black arrow and a red or green circle. These signs were used until the appearance of traffic lights with additional sections in 1961.

The Protocol provided recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. A white or yellow background was provided for warning and prohibition signs, and a blue background was provided for prescriptive signs. The protocol provided for 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 2 prescriptive and 9 directional signs.

Signs indicating permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows.

Signs indicating the direction to avoid obstacles received rectangular arrows.

The new “Roundabout” sign requires movement through an intersection or square in the direction indicated by the arrows before exiting onto one of the adjacent streets or roads.

The “Turn point for moving in the opposite direction” sign becomes blue and square in shape and becomes a group of indicator signs.

In addition, there were unusual signs for us: “Truck traffic” and “Motorcycle traffic”.

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Convention on Road Signs and Signals were adopted at the UN Conference in Vienna. Corresponding changes have also been made to the Rules in force on the territory of the USSR. In 1973, new Traffic Rules and a new standard “Road Signs” came into force throughout the Soviet Union.

Operating since 1973 The signs are familiar to modern car enthusiasts. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indicator signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs. The “Winding Road” warning sign has two versions – with the first turn to the right and with the first turn to the left.

In addition to the existing Steep Descent sign, a Steep Ascent sign appears. The percentage of the slope is indicated on the signs.

The sign “Narrowing of the road” received three varieties, indicating a narrowing on both sides, on the right or on the left.

Signs warning about crossing with tram line, driving to the embankment, driving along a section of the road where gravel can be thrown out from under the wheels, falling stones on mountain roads, areas with cross winds.

The group of prohibitory signs has also undergone significant changes. A new “No Stopping” sign was introduced, which is still used today; the previous “No Stopping” sign began to prohibit parking.

The sign “Transmission without stopping is prohibited” took the form of a regular red octagon with a white inscription “STOP” in English. This sign was introduced into the 1968 Convention and the Road Traffic Regulations from American practice.

The "End of All Restricted Zone" sign has a white background with a gray border and several slanted gray stripes. The new rules introduced variations of it that abolish the ban on overtaking and the maximum speed limit.

The passage of narrow sections of roads began to be determined by the signs “Advantage in the movement of oncoming vehicles” and “Advantage in traffic over oncoming vehicles.”

The first sign was included in the group of prohibitions, the second - indicative.

A sign indicating a path for pedestrians, as well as signs limiting the minimum speed, have been added to the group of prescriptive ones.

The group of directional signs has undergone the greatest changes. First of all, there were signs indicating an expressway and a one-way road. The most important innovation was the appearance of signs “Beginning of a settlement” and “End of a settlement”.

Additional information signs received a white background with black images. The sign indicating the direction of the turn received a red background.

In 1980, a new standard “Road Signs” was introduced. With some changes, it was in effect until January 1, 2006.

The signs “Approaching a railway crossing”, “Single track railway”, “Multiple track railway” and “Turn direction” were transferred to the group of warning signs from the group of additional information media. The latter received a third variety, installed at T-shaped intersections or road forks, if there is a danger of their passage in the forward direction.

Two versions of the “Animals on the Road” sign became independent signs: “Cattle Driving” and “Wild Animals”.

New warning signs have appeared: “Roundabout”, “Low-flying aircraft”, “Tunnel”, “Intersection with cycle path”.

Big changes have occurred in the group of prohibition signs. The “Motor Vehicles Prohibited” sign became known as “Motor Vehicles Prohibited”, and signs appeared limiting the length of vehicles and the distance between them.

The “No Parking” sign has received two versions, prohibiting parking on odd and even dates. Their appearance made it easier to organize snow removal in winter.

The most numerous group of signs was information and directional. Signs informing about the location of various service objects were separated into a separate group - service signs.

Signs appeared indicating the direction of movement along the lanes, the beginning and end of additional lanes on the rise.

A new group of signs was used on roads with lanes allocated for oncoming traffic of route vehicles and indicated:

The “Stop Line” sign has been transferred to the group of information and directional signs.

The “Closed Passage” sign became known as “Pedestrians Prohibited.”

In 2001, the group of service signs was supplemented with two new signs: “Road Patrol Service Post” and “International Road Transport Control Post.”

At the end of the 90s. The development of a new standard “Road Signs” has begun, containing significant changes to the current sign system. It came into force on January 1, 2006.

The main goal of these changes is to bring the domestic standard defining the nomenclature of road signs into more precise compliance with the 1968 International Convention.

The latter sign should be used, in particular, during road works and installed before an intersection at which it is possible to bypass a section of the road where a traffic jam has formed.

The group of prohibitory signs was supplemented by the “Control” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception without stopping in front of a control post - a police post, a border crossing, the entrance to a closed territory, a toll point on toll highways.

The image on sign 3.7 “Moving with a trailer is prohibited” has changed, but the meaning of the sign remains the same.

Signs “No overtaking” and “No overtaking by trucks” began to prohibit overtaking of all vehicles, including single vehicles, moving at a speed of less than 30 km/h.

The group of mandatory signs was freed from the “Movement of Passenger Cars” sign. In its meaning, it was similar to the sign “Traffic is prohibited”, but, unlike the latter, it prohibited the movement of non-motorized vehicles (bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles).

The configuration of the arrows on the “Move to the right” and “Move to the left” signs has changed.

According to the new standard, the group of information and directional signs is divided into two independent groups: signs of special requirements and information.

The group of signs of special regulations includes, in particular, the previous information and directional signs that establish or cancel a special traffic mode: “Highway”, “Road for cars”, “One-way road”, “Reversible traffic” and others.

Several new characters appeared in the same group. In particular, a sign appeared indicating an artificial bump,

Setting speed limits on individual lanes of a multi-lane roadway.

The group of information signs includes the previous information and directional signs indicating the place and area for a turn, parking place, pedestrian crossings, preliminary direction signs, detour signs for a section of the road closed to traffic.

New signs also appeared in this group: a sign indicating an emergency stop lane, for example, on mountain roads, as well as a sign informing drivers entering Russian territory about general speed limits.

The group of service marks now has 18 symbols instead of 12. New signs: “Police”, “Traffic Radio Reception Area” and “Emergency Radio Communications Area”, “Pool or Beach” and “Toilet”.

In the group of “Additional Information” signs, signs have appeared that, in combination with the “Parking Place” sign, indicate interceptor parking lots combined with metro stations or surface urban transport stops

as well as the “Vehicle bogie type” plate, used with a sign limiting the axle load, to indicate the number of adjacent axles of the vehicle, for each of which the value shown on the sign is the most permissible.

If in 1903 only 4 road signs were used on the roads of our Motherland, warning drivers of self-propelled vehicles about possible danger, then currently more than two and a half hundred road signs of eight groups are used on the streets and roads of Russia, regulating in detail almost all aspects of the road movements.

History of road signs

Currently, there are 1.4 million road signs on the roads of Russia, and there are 4 road signs per 1 km of roads in the city, and 7 road signs on federal roads.

Once man “invented” roads, he needed road signs, for example, to mark routes. For these purposes, ancient people used all available means: broken branches, notches in the bark of trees, stones of a certain shape placed along the roads. It’s not the most informative option, and you can’t always immediately see a broken branch, so people thought about how to separate the sign from the landscape. So they started placing statues along the roads. Then, from the fifth century BC, the heads of other characters began to appear on the statues: Bacchus, Pan, fauns, statesmen, philosophers and others. When writing appeared, inscriptions began to be made on stones, most often the names of settlements.As Plutarch described the event, Gracchus' men measured all the roads of the Roman Empire and erected stone pillars to indicate distances. Signs were installed on the roads every 10 stadia (1800 m), indicating the distance to Rome and the nearest populated area. In addition, the name of the ruler who built the road and the year in which this happened were recorded on the pillars. Distance indicators were stone pillars with a diameter of 40 cm to one meter, and a height of 1.25 - 3 meters. Distances were counted from a bronze pillar called “golden”. The golden pillar was installed at the old Roman Forum.

Under the French minister Zulli (1559-1641) and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to facilitate travelers' orientation.

In Russia, the decree of Alexander I of 1817 read: “At the entrance to each village, have (following the example established in Little Russia) a pillar with a board showing the name of the village and the number of souls it has.”

A road sign depicting the symbol “Steep descent ahead” first appeared in the mid-19th century on the mountain roads of Switzerland and Austria. The sign was depicted on roadside rocks and depicted a wheel or brake shoe used on carriages. Signs began to spread following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for all the diversity traffic situations. The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris in 1903: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were depicted in white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”. The rapid development of road transport has raised the issue of travel safety. In 1909, representatives of a number of European countries gathered in Paris and adopted the first convention on international road transport. According to the convention, four road signs were introduced: “Rough Road”, “Twisting Road”, “Intersection with the Railway”, “Intersection”, which were usually installed 250 meters before the dangerous section at right angles to the direction of travel.

Despite the convention, each country began to come up with its own traffic signs, which is no wonder: four signs are not enough for all occasions. For example, Japan and China were limited to a couple of hieroglyphs that denoted some rule; European countries were deprived of the ability to express an entire rule with two written characters, so they came up with symbols and images. In the USSR, a little man crossing a pedestrian crossing was invented. Inside the country, everything was clear with the signs, but a person traveling abroad found himself in an unpleasant situation, where out of many signs two or three turned out to be familiar. To make life easier for drivers, in 1931 the “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity and Signaling on Roads” was adopted in Geneva, which was signed by the USSR, most European countries and Japan. Although this did not lead to complete uniformity of road signs. For example, in pre-war times, two systems of road signs were in operation simultaneously: the European one, based on the same 1931 convention, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols, and the signs themselves were square or rectangular.

In Russia, road signs began to appear in 1911. Avtomobilist magazine No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: “The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow, starting in the fall of this year, begins placing warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. In 1949, another attempt was made in Geneva to create a unified world road system signs, "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". The European system was taken as the basis, and it is not at all surprising that the countries of the American continent refused to sign the document. If the 1931 convention stipulated 26 road signs, the new protocol already provided for 51 signs: 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 9 indicative and 2 prescriptive. Otherwise, if some situations were not covered by these signs, countries were again free to come up with something of their own.

Today, in Russia alone, more than 250 road signs are used, covering almost all directions of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared from the list, returning to service only in 1961. It is unknown why the sign disappeared; either the roads suddenly became smooth, or their condition was so sad that there was no point in issuing a warning.

Road signs are an integral part of roads and order on them. It's hard to imagine life without them. And recently I wondered where they came from, who invented them and how.

But first things first.

First signs

There are many hypotheses about the very first pointers. It is believed that primitive people laid out routes through forests and open areas, leaving small piles of stones, making notches in trees or breaking branches.

Not the best the best option. Marks, branches and stones cannot always be seen.

Next step

Next, people decided to erect pillars with sculpted heads of gods, statesmen and philosophers so that they contrast with the natural landscapes. Over time, inscriptions of settlements were added to the signs.

Officially, the first system of road signs originated in Ancient Rome. Cylindrical mileposts were installed on roads. They contained information about the distance from the Roman Forum, where the golden milepost was located. Therefore, “all roads lead to Rome.”

From there the milepost system spread everywhere. Although our signs appeared quite late: only during the time of Peter I.

New push

The first traffic rules in the modern sense appeared in Portugal in 1686. Priority signs were installed on the narrow streets of Lisbon to regulate traffic flows.

On a large scale, road signs began to be installed for fast and quiet cyclists in the 1870s. The signs did not provide distance information but warned, for example, about steep hills.

With the development of the automotive industry, they decided to revise the road sign system. In 1895, the Italian Tourist Club completed the development of the first one. The first signs were installed in Paris in 1903.

Standardization failed

And then it began. Who cares? Each country had its own road signs. However, automobile traffic to other states has become commonplace. There is an urgent need to introduce signs of international significance.

Thus, in Paris in 1909, the following road signs were adopted by the “International Convention concerning the Movement of Motor Vehicles”: “Rough Road”, “Twisting Road”, “Intersection”, “Intersection with Railway”.

Since 1926, international road signs have been intensively developed, changed and supplemented. But whatever one may say, the signs are different in different countries. In some Chinese or Japanese, you can’t understand anything at all without knowing the language.

Who invented them?

Road signs were not invented overnight. They have been developed and modified over the years.

Understandable to everyone different types The signs were developed by more than one person. This work involved automotive users and government committees to create easy-to-understand signs. Any business requires a focus group, and traffic rules are no exception.

A little humor at last

Today it is very popular to stick different people, animals and other things on signs, giving them a fun and unusual look. I know for sure that there are many of these in Italy.

And depending on the area, signs may warn of wildlife that wander onto the road: moose, bears, kiwis, crocodiles, penguins and other animals. Plus there are funny ones, like “you can’t go to the toilet in a big way in the forest”, “the reproductive zone, don’t disturb the kangaroo” or “you can’t hunt killer whales” in the desert.

So it goes. Have you noticed unusual signs in other countries?

Class hour: Road signs and their groups. History of the emergence and development of road signs.

Lesson participants: 2nd grade students

Class teacher: Leonova T.M.

Purpose of the lesson: Tell students about groups of road signs.

New words: Groups of road signs.

1. The teacher’s story and his conversation with students One of the main carriers of information about the road are road signs.

Our ancestors have been taking care of roads since the days when they rode horses or walked. In the steppe they laid stones and erected pillars, and in the forest they made poles on trees and poles from branches. Stone or wooden crosses were installed at intersections and chapels were built. Milestones became striped under Peter I, who ordered them to be painted in the color of the Russian national flag, because the “striping” was clearly visible from a distance. Later, inscriptions began to be made on poles located at intersections about where the “path-road” leads. While the speed of the horse carriage did not exceed 20 km/h, they did not think about special road signs.

Meanwhile, prototypes of modern road signs began to appear at the end of the 19th century, simultaneously with the appearance of the first cars.

In 1903, France adopted Act on motor vehicles on the installation of signs before intersections, dangerous turns and other “horrors”. After a few years, it became clear that we couldn’t do without prohibitions.

In almost a hundred years since that time, the number of signs has increased and they have changed their appearance. The changes went in parallel with the improvement of the means of transportation themselves. As danger increases in proportion to speed, attention to road signs and their installation increases.

In 1909, the first International Conference on Automobile Traffic was held in Paris. At this conference, questions about road signaling were also discussed. The conference approved four warning signs: “Rough Road”, “Winding Road”, “Intersection with Railway”, “Intersection of Roads”, which were to be installed 250 meters before the dangerous area.

In 1926, an International Conference was convened in Paris with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the road signaling system was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railroad crossing” and “Stopping is required.”

In 1931, at the Geneva Conference on Road Traffic, a new “Convention concerning the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” was adopted, according to which the number of road signs was increased to 26 and they were divided into three groups: warning, ordering and indicating. This system of signs was in effect in our country until 1961.

In 1949, at the next International Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva, the “Protocol on Road Signs and Signals” was adopted. The Protocol made recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. For warning and prohibition signs, a light background should be used - white or yellow, for mandatory signs - blue. The protocol provided for the existence of 51 road signs: 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 2 prescriptive and 9 indicative. In our country, the system of signs provided for by the 1949 Protocol was introduced later and existed until 1973. The current road sign system in our country is based on the 1968 International Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Currently, there are 172 road signs in our country, not counting their various modifications.

Road signs tell you where cars or pedestrians can move and at what speed, where you can cross the road, and warn of dangers. That's why road signs are called road alphabet.

Currently, all road signs are divided into eight groups:

- warning signs;

Priority signs;

Prohibition signs;

Mandatory signs;

Signs of special regulations;

Information signs;

Service marks;

Additional information signs (plates).

The teacher draws students' attention to the fact that signs are round, rectangular, and triangular. They may vary in color. Depending on the shape and color of the road sign, its purpose also changes.

The teacher explains to students that the purpose of road signs is easy to remember. If the sign has a triangular shape with a red border, it belongs to the group of warning signs. These signs inform drivers that there is a dangerous section of the road ahead, they need to be careful and reduce their speed.

Round signs with a red border with a white, and some with a blue background, belong to the group of prohibitory signs. Prohibition signs always have a red border (association with fire or a red traffic light, red means dangerous).

If the sign is round in shape with a blue background, it is a mandatory sign indicating the direction of movement, minimum speed, etc.

Rectangular - signs of special regulations and information signs. They have different backgrounds: blue, green, white and yellow.

Additional information signs (plates) are rectangular in shape and, as a rule, have a white background.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher asks the children to remember what road signs they know. He shows the children signs with signs and asks the children to name them:

Warning: " Crosswalk", "Children", "Intersection with a bicycle path", "Artificial hump", "Railway crossing without a barrier", "Railway crossing with a barrier";

Prohibiting: “Entry is prohibited”, “Pedestrian traffic is prohibited”, “Bicycle traffic is prohibited”;

Prescriptive: “Pedestrian path”, “Bicycle path”;

Signs of special requirements: “Pedestrian crossing”, “Residential area”, “Artificial unevenness”;

Information signs: “Underground pedestrian crossing”, “Overground pedestrian crossing”;

Service signs: “Recreation place”, “Food station”, “Telephone”, “Car wash”, “Hospital”.

The teacher reminds the children what signs are intended for what. For example, a triangular “Children” sign is installed near schools, kindergartens, and child care institutions. It warns the driver that children may run out onto the road in this area. Some schoolchildren mistakenly think that this sign indicates where children cross the street. But that's not true. The teacher gives instructions to remember that this sign is for drivers. For pedestrians, the “Pedestrian Crossing” sign is rectangular, with a white triangle on a blue background, and a walking man in it.

Road sign “No cycling”. The sign has a drawing of a bicycle in a red ring. If a bicycle is drawn on a blue background without a border, then the sign indicates a bicycle path, i.e. specially designed for cyclists.

Sign “Pedestrian traffic is prohibited” (crossed out image of a man on a white background). Indicates that pedestrians are not allowed to walk in this particular area.

2. Practical task The teacher hangs drawings of the studied road signs on the board and invites the children to choose road signs intended for drivers or pedestrians.

Images of various road signs are laid out on the table in front of the students. The teacher names the sign. Students must find it, show it and say which group of signs it belongs to.

4. Questions to consolidate knowledge

1. Why are road signs needed?

2. What groups are all road signs divided into?

3. When did the first road signs begin to appear?

4. How many road signs were approved at the first International Conference on Automobile Traffic in Paris in 1909?

5. What external signs do warning, prohibiting, and ordering road signs have?