Human economic activity in natural areas. Description and features of the natural zone of the Arctic deserts Human activities in the Arctic desert

10.02.2022

The Arctic desert belongs to the northern harsh zone of the Arctic.

An area covered with snow and ice, with severe frosts, long winter months, snowstorms and gale-force winds.

It occupies islands and part of the coasts located in the basin belonging to the Arctic Ocean.

Arctic air masses dominate here year-round, ice with rubble and stone fragments all around.

Arctic desert zone (geographical location)

The Arctic deserts occupy territories between 71 and 81 degrees N. sh. These are small rocky patches of land, 85% covered with ice: the Arctic island territories, the coasts of the north of America and Eurasia, surrounding the pole of the northern hemisphere.

The line of the Arctic Circle was considered to be the former boundary of the zone. Now it passes along the summer isothermal line plus 10 degrees. Further south, the tundra zone begins and the northern border of the forest zone passes.

Specifications

The Arctic Desert is a barren land in permafrost, covered by 55,000 square meters of glaciers. km. The average ice thickness is 2 m. In summer, the temperature does not exceed plus 5 degrees, and in winter it drops to 50, there is little precipitation.

arctic desert photo

Vegetation, extremely sparse and sparse, is represented by mosses, lichens and herbs. There are few lakes in the territories occupied by the icy desert. The bowels of the Arctic (the Arctic translates as a bear) contain undeveloped reserves of energy resources - oil and gas. The territory of the Arctic desert has not been explored enough.

Features of the Arctic deserts

They occupy the coast and islands.
All year round non-melting snow and ice.
Permafrost, in some places reaching 1 km.
The polar night lasts 150 days and the polar day is slightly longer.
The polar bear lives only in the Arctic.
The average annual temperature is negative, with an average summer temperature of 0-5 degrees Celsius.
The frost-free period lasts 10-20 days, rarely up to 50 days.
The soil is underdeveloped and stony with intense frost weathering. 9. Sudden flashes of amazing northern lights.

Relief of the arctic desert

In the Arctic desert, the coastline is flat, with towering mountains in the interior of islands of continental origin. On the shelves of the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea. Further - the Kara Sea, the Barents, Norwegian and Greenland Seas, Baffin, Beaufort and Chukchi.

mountain arctic desert photo

Plain territory on the New Siberian Islands. The highest point, 1 thousand meters, is a peak on the island of Severnaya Zemlya. The height of the mountains on Franz Josef Land is 670 m. The central part of the Arctic is occupied by a basin with basins (5527 m) and underwater ridges.

Islands

Islands off the coast of Eurasia and America are occupied by the underwater margins of the continents. These pieces of land divide the Arctic Ocean into separate seas. List of islands:

The extreme eastern islands are Wrangel Island and Herald Island;
Russian island Novaya Zemlya - an area of 83,000 sq. km, near the Norwegian archipelago Svalbard - 61,000 sq. km;
Northern Russian archipelago of Franz Josef Land;
Russian - Komsomolets, Schmidt, Ushakov with the Novosibirsk Islands;
Denmark owns the island of Greenland;
Northern part of the Canadian archipelago.

Arctic desert climate

Winter is harsh. The temperature sometimes drops to 60 degrees, and the average is minus 30. Constantly blowing northeast strong wind with frequent snowstorms. Snow melts in June, and only where the sun warms. On a summer polar day, there is a lot of lighting, but it is cold - plus 3-5 degrees. The soil thaws by 15-20 cm, in places 40.

Arctic desert in winter photo

There are frequent snow and rain clouds in the sky, but the poured rain does not soak into the frozen soil and remains on top. The cold prevents this moisture from evaporating. Precipitation is more frequent in summer, the annual amount is 400 mm. The surface of the ocean evaporates a lot of water, so there is often thick fog.

Conditions

The Arctic expanses are called deserts because moisture is not retained in the cold air and precipitation is rare. For this reason, dryness of the air is created, just like in a sandy desert. Specific conditions:
sharply different summer and winter temperatures;
permanent ice and snow cover;
the lowlands are covered with rare shrubs and herbs;
the soil is frozen to 400-500 m, in June it thaws in places and superficially;
for 5 winter months, the Arctic deserts plunge into darkness, and for 5 spring and summer months the sun shines around the clock.

Arctic desert animals

The Arctic fauna has a poor species composition, but an abundance of representatives of individual species. The main task for the animals living here is to keep warm. Some are saved by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, others by thick fur, and others by loose plumage or thick paws. There are many animals and birds with white coloration, which helps to become invisible in the snow.

Permanently living birds include: northern duck, pink gull, snowy owl and murre. Many migratory birds nest in summer. Terrestrial inhabitants: reindeer, polar bears, polar wolves, lemmings and musk oxen on Wrangel Island. Among marine life: narwhals and bowhead whales, walruses and killer whales, seals and bearded seals.

Arctic desert plants

50% of the area of the islands is covered by sparse and creeping vegetation. The stony soil is covered with grasses, frost-resistant lichens and mosses. In the short summer they bloom: buttercups, alpine foxtails and saxifrages, chickweeds and bluegrass. The leaves of the tundra blueberry are turning blue.

arctic poppies photo

White flowers appear on the branched and thick stems of partridge grass. Carpets of polar poppies with yellow flowers bloom. A coniferous berry bush shiksha spreads underfoot. Wind and cold do not allow vegetation to rise above 10-12 cm, and they cling to the warming ground or hide behind stones.

Soils of the Arctic deserts

Moisture stagnates over the permafrost permafrost of the Arctic deserts, therefore, the formation of permafrost gley, the supra-permafrost-gley horizon, is characteristic here. It is characterized by a lower, restored gray layer. As well as the upper, rusty-brown, oxidized layers.

arctic desert soil photo

Sparse vegetation is not enough to form a fertile layer, the thickness of which is 1-2 cm (1.5%, in some places 6%). In addition, the formation of soil proceeds slowly, the accumulation of iron is characteristic. Such soils are called tundra-gley soils.

Reserves of the Arctic deserts

In the North, amazing, but vulnerable nature. To preserve the natural complex and endemic species, protected areas have been created.

People have been living in the Arctic for about 30,000 years, according to archaeologists. That is how old, in their opinion, the sites of ancient man found in Yakutia and Komi. Of course, we are talking about the ancestors of modern northern peoples - the Nenets, Evenks, Pomors and others. Exploration, mapping and development of these lands began much later. At the same time, human activity in the Arctic began to be divided into the life of indigenous peoples and the "alien" population, in the Russian zone of influence it is mainly the "titular nation" - Russians.

The way of life of indigenous peoples requires separate consideration. Here we will talk about those who came to explore this harsh land.

A resident of the central regions of Russia most often represents the Arctic as a country of eternal ice, and people's lives as a constant struggle with harsh nature. Fantasy depicts the darkness of the polar night, bears roaming everywhere, small houses of drifting stations and harsh, hardened people who are able to survive in these conditions.

The role and activities of man in the Arctic

On the one hand, these ideas have a basis - probably, the beginning of the development of these lands looked something like this, and even today people in the Arctic are required to be resistant to cold, the ability to work and endure hardships.

What are people doing in the Arctic today? Of course, first of all, research activities. These are climatic, meteorological, hydrological, geophysical, biomedical observations, this is the work of biologists and ecologists in numerous reserves and national parks. Here, people are engaged both in the study and conservation of various biological species, and in solving environmental problems that arose during the development of the Arctic in the Soviet period - the removal of a huge amount of garbage.

In addition, people are engaged in mining - if you look at the map, most of the cities and towns in the Arctic are concentrated around the places of extraction and processing of gas, oil, metals and other minerals and transport hubs. Life in Arctic cities and towns is not too different from life in any other settlements of the country - except that the thermometer falls much lower in winter than in the middle lane, and the sun appears above the horizon for an hour and a half a day.

In the post-Soviet period, there was a fairly large outflow of the population from the Arctic regions to more moderate ones, and many activities in the Arctic, mainly related to the mining industry, have acquired a rotational character, when workers come for a certain period, and the family lives, as they say here, “on earth." But today new ports and settlements are already being built, new deposits are being developed, and tourist routes are being opened.

Source: xn--8sbbmfaxaqb7dzafb4g.xn--p1ai

Topic. Human activities in the Arctic desert zone. Protection of the natural zone.

Target. : To expand the understanding of the activities of people in the zone of the Arctic deserts.
1056;develop skillformulate and justify measures for the protection of the nature of the ice zone.

Tasks:

- to teach to recognize, classify, generalize information, draw conclusions.

Learn on. iv>
x conditions of the Arctic.

To form the ability to find and explain the environmental problems of the study area.

- foster respect for the environment and nature;

Equipment and materials : Computer, screen, projector, presentation for the lesson “Natural areas. Arctic Desert Zone”, globe, textbooks, video clips.

Literature : 1. Pleshakov A.A. Green house. Methodological guide to the system of training courses with an environmental focus for elementary school. >
1052; osqua. Education. 1997

During the classes.

organizational stage.

Good afternoon guys! Today we have not quite an ordinary lesson, it is open, which means that guests have come to us.

What do you think will be useful for successful work in the classroom? (attention, diligence, self-confidence, diligence)

Motto: Believe in yourself and you will succeed!

Actualization of knowledge (repetition).

- Guess the encryption, if you discard the extra letters in each line, then two words will remain. What? (ICE ZONE)

OXULIC BIFM

HALFZONESVMYA

Right. What is another name for the ice zone? (Arctic)

Is this topic new to us? (No)

— Now let's work on the options and remember what we know about the Arctic.

- Here are the words on the topic "Ice Zone". Let's work on the options.

Option 1 writes out words on the topic Inanimate nature of the Arctic.

Option 2 on the topic - Plants of the Arctic.

3 option on the topic - Animals of the Arctic.

Work on options.

Mutual verification.

- Now exchange sheets of paper and check each other's work according to the model on the slide. If the answer is correct, put a + sign, if not correct, then -.

3. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

Have you chosen all the words? What are left? (polar explorer, icebreaker, reserve)

— Do these words refer to the theme of the Arctic? (Yes)

- Explain.

— Can any of you tell in detail what polar explorers do in the Arctic? (no, why? (we didn't study it)

Let's formulate the topic of today's lesson. (What does a person do in the Arctic?)

— And what does the word “reserve” mean to you? (What needs to be done to protect nature)

Conclusion:

- Think about where we can find information about human activities in the Arctic and about the protection of its nature? (in textbook)

4. Discovery of new knowledge.

- Open textbooks, who guessed on what pages this information is located? (p. 71, 72, 73)

Read the title on p. 71. This message was prepared by Tanya Perova. How many parts could you share her message? Suggest. (for three - p.71, p.72, p.73).

- Each option will get acquainted with its part of the text, and then we will try to combine what we learned in a table.

They read: 1st option - 71, 2nd option - p. 72, 3rd option - p.73.

5. Physical education.

Name the animal you see in the photo. (polar bear) The polar bear is a kind of symbol of the Arctic.

Let's fill in column 1. What did you learn from the message?

Let's fill in column 2. What environmental issues does Tanya report on?

- Did you find information in the textbook to fill in the 3rd column?

6. Inclusion of new knowledge in the knowledge system.

- What problem is not solved in Tanya's message? (water pollution)

- Is this a problem? Let's find its description in the textbook and read it. (read)

How do you understand the meaning of the word plankton? (it is in the dictionary, you can read it)

And so the composition of plankton includes algae and crustaceans that feed on them.

What else is said about plankton? (this is a link in the food chain)

- Let's make a food chain typical for the Arctic. (you can go back to the slide)

(Read out their food chains)

For example: algae - crustaceans -fishes- seals -polar bear.

What causes water pollution?

- How should a person behave in order not to pollute the water?

How do oil products get into the water? What should be done to prevent this from happening?

(do not throw garbage into the water, do not pour out oil products, monitor the serviceability of ships, cars, be responsible for your actions, protect nature) Enter in the table.

- Let's consider what will happen if other links of this food chain suffer. (Depending on time)

- Guys, we filled out the table, how to solve environmental problems, what rules to follow we wrote. Are these rules only for polar explorers, do you think? Are they suitable for us? Let's try to make rules for us, each to ourselves, how to and how not to behave in nature. (make up)

Conclusion:

do not leave garbage in nature and do not throw it on the streets;

do not break branches, do not uproot bushes, do not damage the bark;

do not pour dirty water, gasoline into reservoirs, do not throw garbage there;

do not light a fire, it can cause a fire;
be responsible and take care of nature. Understand that by harming her, you are harming yourself ....

7. Reflection.

Let's remember what questions we planned to answer with you?

Did we manage to do it? (YES, table as an example)

Will the knowledge gained in today's lesson be useful to you in life?

Read the verse.

B. ZAKHODER. "ALL-ALL, EVERYTHING IN THE WORLD, IN THE WORLD IS NECESSARY!"
Everything, everything, everything in the world, everything in the world is needed,

And midges are no less needed than elephants.

You can't do without absurd monsters

And even without predators - evil and ferocious.

Everything in the world is needed! Need everything

— Who makes honey and who makes poison.

Bad deeds for a cat without a mouse,

A mouse without a cat is no better off.

And if we are not very friendly with someone,

We still really need each other

And if someone seems superfluous to us,

That, of course, would be a mistake...

Everything, everything, everything in the world is needed,

And all children should remember this!

8. Homework:

1. Prepare answers to questions 1 - 7 on p. 73 of the textbook.

2. Prepare a report about one of the reserves of the ice zone. (optional)

Source: xn--j1ahfl.xn--p1ai

polar deserts

These are the most unsuitable regions of Russia for the economy. The soil here is represented by permafrost and covered with ice. Therefore, neither animal husbandry nor crop production is possible here. There is only fishing here.

Rice. 1. The most unsuitable natural area for farming is the Arctic Desert

Tundra and forest tundra

Natural conditions are not much better than in the polar deserts. Only indigenous people live in the tundra. They are engaged in hunting, fishing, reindeer herding. What changes did the person make here? The soil of these areas is rich in gas and oil. Therefore, they are actively mined here. This leads to significant environmental pollution.

forest zone

This includes taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests. The climate here is temperate, characterized by cold winters and relatively warm summers. Due to the large number of forests, flora and fauna are widespread here. Favorable conditions allow various types of human economic activity to flourish. A large number of factories and plants have been built in these regions. Here they are engaged in animal husbandry, agriculture, fishing, woodworking industry. This is one of the natural areas modified by man to the greatest extent.

Rice. 2. There is active deforestation in the world

Forest-steppes and steppes

These natural and economic zones are characterized by a warm climate and insufficient rainfall. The soil here is the most fertile, and the animal world is very diverse. Agriculture and animal husbandry flourish most of all in these regions. Various varieties of vegetables and fruits, cereals are grown here. Coal and iron ore are actively mined. This leads to a distortion of the relief and the destruction of some species of animals and plants.

Semi-deserts and deserts

It is not the most favorable conditions for human economic activity. The climate is hot and dry. The soil is desert, not fertile. The main type of economic activity in the deserts is animal husbandry. The population here breeds sheep, rams, horses. The need to graze animals leads to the final disappearance of vegetation.

Rice. 3. Livestock in the desert

Subtropics and tropics

This region has been the most affected by human activity. This is due to the fact that it was here that civilizations were born and the use of these areas has been going on for a very long time.

Source: obrazovaka.ru

Natural conditions of the Arctic desert zone

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To determine the natural conditions of the Arctic desert, below is a brief description and table of the main factors (geographical location, topography, soil, climate, natural resources, flora and fauna) that affect the life of people in this natural area.

Geographical position

Legend:» data-layzr=»https://natworld.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/label-arctic-desert.jpg» /> — Antarctic desert.

The natural zone of the Arctic desert is located above 75 ° north latitude and is adjacent to the North Pole of the Earth. It covers a total area of more than 100 thousand km². The Arctic Desert covers Greenland, the North Pole and several islands, many of which are inhabited by humans and animals.

Relief

The relief of the Arctic desert consists of various physical features: mountains, glaciers and flat areas.

The mountains: the arctic desert contains mountainous regions where a cold and dry climate prevails. In appearance, some of the region's mountains resemble mountains in Central America.

Glaciers: due to extremely low temperatures, the arctic desert is replete with numerous glaciers of various shapes and sizes.

Flat areas: make up the bulk of the region's territory and have a distinct patterned texture, which is the result of cycles of melting and freezing water.

If you've watched the TV series Game of Thrones, then the lands beyond the Wall give you a general idea of what the Arctic wilderness looks like. These scenes were filmed in Iceland, which is not officially part of the Arctic desert, but has a superficial resemblance to it.

Soils

In the main part of the territories of the natural zone of the Arctic desert, the soils remain frozen for most of the year. The permafrost reaches 600-1000 m deep and makes it difficult to drain water. In summer, the surface of the Arctic desert is covered with lakes from the melt water of the upper soil layer. Crushed stone and rocks, due to the movement of glaciers, are scattered throughout the natural zone.

The soil horizon of the Arctic deserts is very thin, poor in nutrients, and also includes a lot of sand. In warmer areas, there are soil types that contain little organic matter and are capable of supporting the growth of small shrubs, algae, fungi, and mosses. One such soil type is brown soils.

Climate

The climate of the natural zone of the Arctic desert is characterized by long, very cold winters and short, cool summers. During the cold months (typically December to January), temperatures can drop as low as -50°C. During the warmer months (typically July), temperatures can rise to +10°C. However, over many months, average temperatures range from -20° to 0°C.

The arctic desert receives very little rainfall. The average annual rainfall is below 250 mm. Precipitation, as a rule, falls in the form of snow and light drizzle, more often in the warm season.

During the summer months, the sun does not set at all in the Arctic desert. In fact, for 60 days, the sun is above the horizon around the clock.

Animals and plants

In total, about 700 plant species and about 120 animal species are found in the natural zone of the Arctic deserts. Flora and fauna have adapted to survive and even thrive in such extreme conditions. Plants were able to adapt to nutrient-poor soils, low ambient temperatures and low rainfall. Animals of the Arctic tend to have a thick layer of fat and a thick coat to protect them from the cold. They breed during the short summer and often hibernate or migrate during the winter. The birds usually fly south during the cold winter months.

Only about 5% of the territories of the natural zone of the Arctic desert has vegetation cover. Although this is not surprising, given the status of the desert. Most plant life consists of the following plants: lichens, mosses and algae, which can survive in the extreme conditions of the Arctic.

Every year (especially in the warm season), some types of low (from 5 to 100 cm) shrub plants bloom. They typically include sedges, liverworts, grasses, and various kinds of flowers.

Animal life in the Arctic desert is very diverse. There are numerous mammals, birds, fish and insects. All these animals are adapted to extremely low temperatures. Here are some examples of animals from the natural zone of the Arctic deserts:

Mammals: arctic foxes, polar bears, wolves, squirrels, hares, arctic voles, lemmings, reindeer, seals, walruses and whales.

Birds: crows, falcons, loons, sandpipers, snipes, terns and various types of gulls. Most of these birds are migratory (i.e. spend only part of their life cycle in the Arctic wilderness).

Fishes: trout, salmon, flounder and cod.

Insects:

Natural resources

The Arctic includes significant reserves of the planet's natural resources (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water and commercial fish species). Also in recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in this region from tourists, which also provides additional economic benefits.

The pristine and vast deserts of the Arctic play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity due to the growing human presence, as well as the fragmentation of vital habitats. The Arctic deserts are particularly susceptible to land cover depletion and habitat disturbance for the region's rare animals. The Arctic also contains 20% of the world's fresh water.

Table of the natural zone of the Arctic deserts

Geographical position

Relief and soil

Climate

Flora and fauna

Natural resources

Arctic regions located above 75° north latitude and receiving low rainfall (less than 250 mm per year).

The relief is mostly flat, but sometimes there are mountainous areas.

Soils are very poor in organic nutrients and remain frozen for much of the year.

The climate is dry and cold. Average temperatures range from 0° to -20° C. In winter, the air temperature can drop below -50° C, and in summer it can rise to +10° C.

Animals

mammals: polar foxes, polar bears, wolves, reindeer, hares, squirrels, voles, lemmings, walruses, seals and whales;

birds: crows, falcons, loons, sandpipers, snipes, terns and gulls;

fishes: trout, salmon, flounder and cod;

insects: grasshoppers, arctic bumblebees, mosquitoes, moths, midges and flies.

Plants

shrubs, grasses, lichens, mosses and algae.

oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, commercial fish species.

Peoples and cultures

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The most numerous inhabitants of the Arctic deserts are the Inuit. If the word "Inuit" is not clear to you, then most likely you have heard of the Eskimos.

The Inuit have adapted their lives to the difficult conditions of the Arctic wilderness. As a rule, there are practically no building materials in the Arctic. The Eskimos build snow huts called igloos. In the summer, when the Igloo is melted, they live in tents made from animal skins and bones.

Given the extreme conditions of the desert, the Inuit do not grow crops or vegetables. They eat mainly meat and fish. Thus, their main food sources are fishing, as well as hunting for seals, walruses and whales.

For transportation, the Inuit usually use dog sleds. Sleighs are made of skins and bones. They are pulled by strong, hardy, sledding breeds of dogs (huskies, malmutes, samoyeds). When moving through the water, they use kayaks or umiaks. Kayaks are small boats suitable for carrying one or two people. Umiaks are large enough to carry several people, dogs, and supplies.

Eskimo communities are found in various parts of the arctic desert and tundra. In Greenland, they are known as Iñupiat or Yup'ik. In Russia they are called Eskimos. Regardless of name or geographic location, the Inuit speak the same language, Inuktitut. They also have similar cultural traditions and way of life.

Significance for a person

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In recent years, the Arctic wilderness has experienced an increase in tourism. Visitors to the cold desert come here for the unique ecosystem and mesmerizing snowy landscapes. Lakes, rivers, streams and mountains provide additional leisure activities for tourists from all over the world. Some recreational activities include sea cruises, boating, sport fishing, mountain climbing, hunting trips, white water rafting, hiking, dog sledding, skiing, snowshoeing, and more. The non-setting sun during the Arctic summer is another reason for the interest of tourists who visit the Arctic wilderness for this surreal phenomenon. Visitors also experience Inuit culture and life by visiting their settlements. The Arctic Desert, being the planet's polar region, plays a key role in regulating the Earth's climate.

Environmental threats

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The population of people in the natural zone of the Arctic desert and adjacent areas is quite low. The most pronounced threat comes from exploration and extraction of mineral deposits. Global warming is also having a negative impact on the Arctic desert environment, upsetting the delicate balance of this ecosystem. As the planet's temperature rises, permafrost heats up and melts, releasing carbon from the soil into the atmosphere, accelerating climate change. Due to global warming, polar ice is melting, which contributes to sea level rise and increases the threat of flooding of the planet's coastal regions. Melting ice caps also threaten polar bears. They need ice to hunt, and melting ice cuts and fragments their hunting grounds. In addition, orphaned cubs have even lower survival rates because they are left to fend for themselves.

Protection of the Arctic deserts

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To protect the natural zone of the Arctic deserts, it is necessary to provide assistance, cooperation, coordination and interaction between states with the participation of communities of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic on issues of sustainable development and environmental protection of the region.

The main goals of Arctic desert conservation include:

Preservation of the rich biodiversity of the region;
Sustainable use of renewable natural resources;
Reduce pollution and wasteful consumption.

To achieve these goals, it is necessary to focus international attention on the following problematic aspects:

Marine environment;
fresh water;
biodiversity;
Changing of the climate;
Pollution;
Oil and gas.

Only the political will and interaction of states can give a positive result in the struggle for the conservation of both the natural zone of the Arctic desert and the nature of the world as a whole.

The Arctic desert zone is located on the islands of the Arctic. On the map, it is most often indicated in gray or blue.

Snow and ice are the most in this natural area. In another way, the zone of the Arctic deserts is called ice zone. This is where the least amount of sunlight hits.

In Russia, the smallest amount of sunlight falls into the Arctic desert zone. The sun never rises high above the horizon here.

Polar night, day and northern lights

In winter, the polar night is in the ice zone. For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness. Strong winds blow, blizzards often rage. The temperature can reach 60 degrees below zero.

In summer, a polar day sets in the ice zone. For several months there is light around the clock. But not warm. The temperature is only a few degrees above zero.

In the ice zone, you can see the aurora - a heavenly glow of amazing beauty. It appears very suddenly and disappears just as suddenly. Auroras are associated with solar flares.

Plants and animals of the Arctic

Plants of the Arctic

The following plants can be found in the Arctic:

polar poppy
Lichens

Animals of the Arctic

Polar bear
Beluga whale
arctic fox
killer whale
Seal

Birds of the Arctic

Guillemot
White Crane
Dead end
Gagarka
White seagull
snowy owl

The polar bear, the harp seal, and the ivory gull are similar in color - they are all white. This helps them hide among the snow and ice.

The harp seal and the polar bear can swim, which helps them hunt in the Arctic. Wide paws help animals swim quickly. The layer of fat helps animals not to freeze in cold water.

A snow den for a bear is an example of the connection between animate and inanimate nature. Interestingly, the polar bear eats seals. This is an example of animal-to-animal bonding.

Food chain example

Fish - Bear - Orca
Fish - Seal - Bear

Human activities in the Arctic

Human activity harms the nature of the Arctic. Garbage gets into the water from various ships. On some northern islands, people have set up hazardous waste dumps.

For many years, people hunted polar bears, walruses and seals, and now these animals are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The French word braconnier [poacher] is translated as "canine hunter".

Illegal hunting and destruction of wild animals, logging in violation of established prohibitions is called poaching.

Cubs and adult seals die at the hands of poachers. Animals must be protected from extermination.

In the seas of the Arctic, people are engaged in fishing, often not caring about the protection of fish resources. There are fewer and fewer fish in the sea.

We need to fight pollution, poaching and overfishing in the Arctic desert zone.

Measures for the protection of the nature of the Arctic

- prohibit hunting for rare animals
- to protect the nesting sites of seabirds
- restrict fishing.

Reserve "Wrangel Island"

The Wrangel Island Reserve is located in the Arctic. It is named after the Russian polar explorer Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel.
The main objective of the reserve is to study and preserve the fauna of the island part of the Arctic. One of the animals living in the reserve is the musk ox. Since 2004, the reserve has been included in the World Heritage List.

Polar Bear Program

The main objectives of the program:

study of polar bear habitats in the Russian Arctic
counting the number of polar bears

The way of life of indigenous peoples requires separate consideration. Here we will talk about those who came to explore this harsh land.

The role and activities of man in the Arctic

From the video lesson on the topic "Population and Economy in the Arctic and Tundra" you will learn a lot of useful and interesting things. In particular, the teacher will talk about the peoples of this region, help to understand how people survive in harsh natural conditions. You will learn what awaits these regions in the future, how they can help our country in the future.

Topic: Natural and economic zones of Russia

Lesson: Population and economy in the Arctic and tundra

The purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the population and the features of economic activity in the Arctic and the tundra.

The Arctic is characterized by uncomfortable, even extreme, conditions for human life. Despite the severity of natural conditions, the development of the Arctic began a very long time ago. Even primitive people occupied these territories, they hunted here, created temporary settlements. A 27,000-year-old site of primitive people was found on the Yana River.

From the 10th century, the coast of the White Sea was inhabited by Pomors, who hunted sea animals and fished.

Indigenous peoples have lived in the far north since ancient times, who were engaged in walrus and seal hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. The indigenous people of the North of Russia include Evens, Evenks, Nenets, Selkups, Dolgans, Chukchis, Koryaks and others. The real dwelling of the peoples of the north of the chum or yaranga.

The cuisine of the peoples of the north is distinguished by an abundance of fish and meat dishes, and raw meat and raw fish are often used, venison, tundra berries, and roots were used. A traditional dish among these peoples is stroganina - slices of freshly frozen fish or meat.

Rice. 3. Stroganina ()

The peoples of the north take care of nature, for example, they use everything they get completely, they don’t kill the beast just like that, but only for the sake of prey.

The culture of the peoples living in the north of Russia is interesting, original and popular. For example, they create miniatures on walrus bones, sew clothes from skins, and perform songs and dances.

The exploration of the north by Russians is associated with the names of Dezhnev, Chelyuskin, Laptev, Pronchishchev, Bering and other discoverers. As a sign of gratitude to these people, their names are put on the map (i.e., various geographical objects are named after them).

Rice. 4. Laptev Sea on the map ()

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the northern territories of Russia began to be actively developed, the pioneers tried to find a way to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Ocean, explored the territories. At present, the Northern Sea Route runs along Eurasia through the waters of the Arctic Ocean, which is the shortest sea route between the European part of Russia and the Far East. Passage along the Northern Sea Route is possible with the help of icebreakers in the summer.

In the northern territories there are large reserves of oil and gas, on the mainland there are reserves of non-ferrous metals, coal, etc.

Rice. 5. Shtokman gas and Prirazlomnoye oil fields on the map ()

Most of these territories do not have a permanent population; people live on the territory of research stations, cities, and roam. The Arctic deserts and tundra have a very low population density, and many territories are not inhabited at all. Despite the small population, man has a negative impact on the nature of the Arctic deserts and tundra through his economic activities. In particular, nuclear tests were carried out on the islands of Novaya Zemlya, port cities, mining and transportation of minerals greatly pollute the environment.

Homework

Paragraph 32, 33.

1. Tell us about human economic activity in the tundra.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography of Russia: Proc. for 8-9 cells. general education institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book. 1: Nature and population. Grade 8 - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 320 p.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature. Grade 8: textbook. for general education institutions / I.I. Barinov. - M.: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011. - 303 p.

3. Geography. Grade 8: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 48 p.

4. Geography. Russia. nature and population. Grade 8: Atlas - 7th ed., Revised. - M.: Bustard; Publishing house DIK, 2010 - 56 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M.: Rosmen-Press, 2006. - 624 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. Grade 8: study guide. - Moscow: Intellect-Centre, 2010. - 144 p.

2. Tests in the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: textbooks, ed. V.P. Dronova Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: textbook. for general education institutions”/ V.I. Evdokimov. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 109 p.

3. Getting ready for the GIA. Geography. 8th grade. Final testing in the format of the exam. / ed. T.V. Abramov. - Yaroslavl: LLC "Academy of Development", 2011. - 64 p.

4. Tests. Geography. Grades 6-10: Teaching aid / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: LLC "Agency" KRPA "Olimp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Russian Geographical Society ().

Arctic desert zone (geographical location)

Specifications

Features of the Arctic deserts

Relief of the arctic desert

Islands

Arctic desert climate

Conditions

Arctic desert animals

Arctic desert plants

Soils of the Arctic deserts

Reserves of the Arctic deserts

The role and activities of man in the Arctic

polar deserts

Tundra and forest tundra

forest zone

Forest-steppes and steppes

Semi-deserts and deserts

Subtropics and tropics

Natural conditions of the Arctic desert zone

Geographical position

Relief

Soils

Climate

Animals and plants

Natural resources

Table of the natural zone of the Arctic deserts

Peoples and cultures

Significance for a person

Environmental threats

Protection of the Arctic deserts

Polar night, day and northern lights

Plants and animals of the Arctic

Plants of the Arctic

Animals of the Arctic

Animals of the Arctic

Birds of the Arctic

Food chain example

Human activities in the Arctic

Measures for the protection of the nature of the Arctic

Reserve "Wrangel Island"

Polar Bear Program

The role and activities of man in the Arctic

Interesting articles

Interesting articles