Porsche engine: description, device, development history, photo, video. Porsche engine: description, device, development history, photos, video Sunroof with electric sliding glass cover
This model, built by the offspring of the hero of the engineering battles Ferdinand Porsche, Ferry and Butzi, was released in late September 1963. Rather, I haven't seen it yet: people were shown only a full-size model, the car itself was built a little later. The controversy of the creators around her did not subside for a minute, but when the last screw was tightened, everyone unanimously decided that the model did not even need testing. In the fall of 64, a brand new sports coupe went on sale, and the public recognized it as an ideal. Although the Porsche 911 has existed for seven generations and is still in production today, we decided to write about the most outstanding modifications of this car.
Purebred classic
The Nine hundred and eleventh model was conceived by Ferry Porsche as an improved version of the Porsche 356 sports car. The son of the famous inventor, he saw the legacy of his father, Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH, the most innovative body in the European automotive industry, has therefore always strived to stay ahead of the competition. Already together with his son, Buci, he came up with the look of a new car that continued the traditions of the great Ferdinand, whose cars have proven themselves so well among speed lovers. The 911 coupe represented a new stage in the evolution of the Porsche model range - the car was more powerful, more comfortable and faster than the company's two previous cars. Back in 1959, Ferry and Butzi showed his sketches to the engineer Erwin Komenda, who brought to mind all the "crazy" projects of the Porsche house. This is how another scandal broke out, which did not subside for 4 years ...
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Gerru Komende immediately did not like the design of the new sports coupe: the sloping nose, the "big-eyed" headlights, the almost complete absence of horizontal planes - almost everything here pointed to the relationship of the project with the 356 model and the beetle that had already set the teeth on edge. To bring these machines to mind, Erwin at one time spent hundreds of thousands of nerve cells, and therefore would rather agree to the renewal of the blockade of the Allies, if only not to take up such work again. In his favor, he gave weighty arguments, arguing that the rear-engine layout has exhausted itself, and that with the body, which is offered by Porsche, there are no problems at the stage of mass production. Ferry and Butzi listened to the master with all attention, but did not give up their ideas. As a result, it took Komendé over two years to optimize the technological capabilities of the assembly shops for the new body.
The whole technical base, which Erwin had to bring to mind again, went to the "nine hundred and eleventh" inherited from the previous developments of the Porsche family. This is an air-cooled boxer engine located in the rear of the car, and rear-wheel drive, and torsion bars as elastic suspension elements.
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When the body of the new Porsche was shown at the 1963 Frankfurt Motor Show, the spiteful critics just chuckled in their mustaches. The motor was not yet ready, but the competitors were already sure that the song of the Stuttgart enthusiasts had been sung. According to most car manufacturers, rear-engine cars are already outdated, and only artless mass people like Volkswagen could exploit this idea. However, by the 65th model year, the production of a new sports coupe with a prancing horse on the hood was established, and the administration of Porsche A.G. filled up with orders. The demand for the "nine hundred and eleventh" was so great and unchanged that it surprised even the creators of this model, who predicted for it a maximum of 15 years of life in the assembly areas. I'm sure Ferry Porsche would be even more surprised if he found out that this year the sports coupe celebrated its 63rd anniversary and is still relevant!
Features:
For 25 years of release of the first generation "nine hundred and eleventh", the design of neither the chassis, nor the power units, nor the body has practically not changed. In spite of the "advisers" who argued that the rear-engined scheme was futile, this small and nimble machine became an icon of the Porsche lineup. Despite the fact that the coupe was never considered cheap, its sales level was consistently high, which caused the karma of the 911 to increase exponentially.
Targa and Turbo
In 1968, when the passions around the "nine hundred and eleventh" thoroughly subsided, and the coupe received recognition even overseas, the Stuttgart people began to be creative. For the US market, which they still had to conquer, Porsche engineers released the 911 coupe in a strange, that is, with a semi-rigid roof. This unusual decision was prompted by rumors that the American government on its roads plans to deny certification to any new cars. For security purposes, of course.
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These rumors were not confirmed, but the Americans snapped up the fancy coupe-targa like hotcakes without them. Knowing that the Yankees love everything shiny, Porsche designers have come up with a ton of nice options for this version. The semi-cabriolet could be equipped with a fashionable steering wheel with a wooden rim, a special “horned” bumper, and even a driver's mirror with a sun visor! Probably, all these things, including the corporate beige color, impressed American motorists more than the Sportomatic semi-automatic gearbox, which was included in the 911 Targa Coupe a year later. Despite the fact that in Europe a car with a semi-rigid roof was ready to be raised on stakes, in the States it was in demand even after Porsche A.G. announced the replenishment of the range of bodies in the form of a real convertible.
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The turbocharged version in the history of the famous sports coupe appeared only in 1975, a year after the so-called big restyling. Officially, the second generation "nine hundred and eleventh" was presented, which already bore the index 930. The changes concerned both the appearance of the car and its technological elements, although nothing was radically redesigned. Now the manufacturer placed more emphasis on passive safety and environmental friendliness of the coupe (double-circuit belts, injury-free steering wheel, reinforced bumpers).
The engine in the 911 Turbo was built from a new cylinder block, albeit with the same piston stroke as the 70.4 mm engine, but cast from a new alloy with new fasteners. Its working volume was 2.993 cm³, and its power was 259 hp. The engineers modernized the power system with K-Jetronic for turbocharging, replacing six intake manifolds with one common, H-shaped. The turbocharger was located on the left side of the engine compartment, with the wastegate underneath. Cooling of such an engine required a more developed lubrication system, which led to an increase in the volume of oil in the system (about 12 liters for replacement!).
Features:
The 911 Turbo is the first successful attempt by Porsche engineers to transfer the dynamics of a track car to a civilian sports car. Despite some technological imperfections, such as uninformative brakes and the appearance of a turbo lag, even a fragile girl could cope with this car. F. Porsche's granddaughter has proven this more than once, driving the very first 911 Turbo, donated to her by the Stuttgart company.
New jump
In the mid-80s, the Porsche house was in a state of perpetual nervousness, because everyone around knew that it was time to change the 911 model. But no one could even imagine what and how. Perfect design integrity drove the model into a corner. Everything that is possible and even more has already been replaced in it: the power of the power units exceeded the reserves for modernizing the chassis by almost 2.5 times! But cars with an archaic engine were still as popular as they were 25 years ago. Even though technologically the “nine hundred and eleventh” coupe was outdated, people liked it, although each new modification was less safe than the previous one ...
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The last point moved the situation off the ground. Requirements for passive safety of cars, mandatory for the American market, could permanently exclude Porsche A.G. from its largest source of income. Stuttgart engineers needed to release a new hit that would surpass the "nine hundred and eleventh" in everything, without pushing the sales of the latter. So the world saw the light of one of the most commercially correct models, the 964 coupe.
All the technological principles that made the Porsche 911 famous were also followed in the new project: a rear-engined layout, an air-cooled boxer, a "big-eyed" streamlined body - everything was present in the new coupe, and even a little more. First, the engineers built a new chassis. Secondly, the internal structure of the car body has been redesigned for better safety. Thirdly, the Stuttgart people have finally begun to introduce popular electronic technologies into their lineup. So, in 1987, the favorite of the best racers on both sides of the ocean received ABS and power steering. Perhaps at that moment, atheist Porsche 911 fans first came to believe ...
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Among other things, the 964 received a new 3.6 liter engine. So in the lineup of "nine hundred and eleventh" there was a car, the front wheels of which received a part of the torque. This freed the engineers' hands for four-wheel drive experiments, culminating in the track version of the Carrera 4. In addition, the engine received the "evil" turbine in history, blowing out 360 hp!
The last of the opposing
In their opposed surveys, the Stuttgart engineers have risen to unattainable heights. The turbocharged engine of the 993 model even exceeded Everest in steepness, developing more than 400 hp. The number of pumping elements has doubled here, and there are six gears. Such a device could make a hundred in a measly 4.2 seconds. And all this took place in 1995, comrades!
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But this heavyweight record holder posed a serious danger to drivers with the wind in their heads. The car demanded from its owner the utmost concentration on the road, especially when he crossed the speed limit of the second hundred kilometers. To make life easier for him, the manufacturer equipped this coupe with a new multi-link suspension and an on-board computer that can keep track of so that the 993 does not sag on the rear wheel during long corners. The effect of the rear "sledgehammer", characteristic of turbochargers, also became less, but the danger still lurked the gaping pilot. For mistakes this "oppositor" punished severely.
The culmination of the creation of the Porsche 911 lineup was the coupe with the index 997. In any case, before the appearance of the seventh generation in 2013, it was so. Having an external resemblance to the cars of previous generations, this model differs from them radically, since its body panels have been redesigned. Thanks to the extensive use of aluminum and high-strength steel in the construction, this Porsche has achieved high torsional rigidity values \u200b\u200btogether with a significant reduction in overall weight. The 997 also received active shock absorbers, electronically controlled four-wheel drive, benchmark ergonomics, and a 7-band robotic transmission with two clutches, which allowed gear changes in a hundredth of a second.
Features:
Smart electronics arrived at the Porsche House late, but the Stuttgart people caught up in the blink of an eye. Now their sports cars are some of the fastest and safest in the world. And track copies have turned into speed killers. What lovely car metamorphoses can be sometimes ...
Epilogue
Do you think, reader, can an ordinary car change the world? Forbes magazine's editorial board, for example, don't be fools, thinks so, recognizing the Porsche 911 as one of ten cars that did it. And the international jury of the "Car of the Century" competition awarded him the fifth place, right after his relative, VW Kafer. The total circulation of this model has exceeded 250 thousand copies, making it the most massive sports car in history. And no matter how malicious D. Clarkson was during his time as the host of the program "Top Gear", claiming that “the body engineers of Porsche A.G. are the laziest people in business, they have not been doing anything for the last half century ”, the legacy of the“ nine hundred and eleventh ”compartment is difficult to overestimate.
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Stuttgart. The six-cylinder flat-box engine from Porsche has once again been awarded the Engine of the Year award. This year, an international jury awarded the prestigious award to the 2.7-liter engine of the Boxster and Cayman, entered in the 2.5 to 3-liter engine category. “Great engine for a great car. This “heart” of Porsche combines technical excellence, sporting performance and impressive efficiency, ”explains Dean Slavnich from Engine Technology International Magazine. This British magazine has been presenting outstanding engine awards for 15 years. The jury also noted the elasticity, performance and smoothness of Porsche's smallest boxer engine.
This sporty engine with a reduced displacement is based on the 3.4-liter engine. In the Cayman, it works in conjunction with the Doppelkupplung (PDK) gearbox and develops 275 hp. (202 kW), consuming 7.7 liters of fuel per 100 km (180 g / km CO2) in the NEFZ cycle. In its liter output of 101.6 hp / l, this six-cylinder engine surpasses the magic set for a sports engine.
limit - 100 hp per liter of volume.
This makes the Porsche boxer engine the winner of the world's best engine for the fourth time. In 2007, Porsche was victorious in the three to four liter engine category with a Porsche 911 Turbo powertrain to the jury. In 2008, the 3.6-liter supercharged boxer engine with 480 hp was the winner in the unlimited displacement class. In 2009, the 3.8-liter six-cylinder 911 Carrera S received the "Best New Engine" award. 87 reputable trade journalists from 35 countries voted the best engines of the year in various categories. In addition to power, fuel consumption, technical characteristics and comfort, the journalists also evaluated the advanced technologies used.
Advantages: compact and lightweight, spinning up to high revs and smooth operation - for 50 years
This year the Porsche 911 and the six-cylinder boxer are celebrating their 50th anniversary. The main advantages of the engine are its flat shape, light weight and compactness. The six-cylinder boxer engine is smooth running. It lacks the so-called free moments and forces. In addition, boxer engines are very well suited to lower the vehicle's center of gravity. Horizontal cylinders also contribute to this. And the lower the center of gravity is, the sportier the vehicle will drive.
One of the most striking features of Porsche's six-cylinder boxer engines has been and remains the reduced fuel consumption compared to engine power. This excellent performance is based on an overall concept derived from motorsport. This concept assumes the use of lightweight structures, easy spinning up to high rpm and high power density due to an improved gas exchange process.
It was the basic characteristics of these engines that drove the decision in favor of a flat-six when the first 911 was introduced. The result was an air-cooled six-cylinder boxer engine with an axial fan - for high rpm and smoother operation - and overhead camshafts ... For the engine displacement, two liters were initially selected with the possibility of a subsequent increase to 2.7 liters. At that time, none of the Porsche specialists could even imagine that an engine of this type in its basic form would last until 1998 and that its displacement would increase to 3.8 liters.
World premiere of 1963: 130 hp 2.0-liter engine
During its world premiere at the IAA Frankfurt am Main in 1963, the first 911, then called the 901, was powered by a 130 hp, two-liter flat-six engine. at 6100 rpm. The success of this new sports car made Porsche think about a more powerful engine, and already in 1967 the 911 S debuted with 160 hp. at 6600 rpm. The base model received the designation 911 L shortly thereafter.
and later - the 911 E. The engineers were especially proud of the fact that, despite the more powerful engine and a liter power of 90 hp, the service life of the 911 S power unit did not decrease.
The 911 has secured a strong position in the global market not only thanks to its powerful engine, but also due to its advanced technologies. In 1968, for the first time in the US market, Porsche launched a sports car with a low-emission engine. In doing so, Porsche has been able to achieve this without sacrificing power and providing almost the same comfort, as well as fulfilling the requirements of American exhaust gas laws, namely the particularly stringent regulations in force in California. Decrease in toxicity was due to the removal of exhaust gases into the intake system and thermo-reactors. Porsche is the first European company to install exhaust gas test benches for development work.
By the fall of 1968, Porsche began producing mechanical petrol injection systems with a six-piston pump. Along with the increase in the displacement of its engines, it increased their power and torque. In 1969, the six-cylinder engine first became a 2.2-liter, and two years later - a 2.4-liter. As a result, the power of the 911 S engines was increased first to 180 hp and then to 190 hp. In 1971, the compression ratio was lowered so that all 911s could drive RON 91 around the world. In close collaboration with Bosch, Porsche developed the improved K-Jetronic continuous injection system, which was first introduced in 1972 to its intended for US market models.
1974 debut of the first production sports car with a turbocharger, the 911 Turbo
In 1973, the G models of the 911 generation were fitted with 2.7-liter engines capable of running on unleaded RON 91 petrol. In this way, Porsche reaffirmed that sports cars can also be environmentally friendly. 1974 saw the premiere of the legendary car: Porsche introduced the 911 Turbo, the first turbocharged sports car in production. The company's engineers have applied their extensive experience in racing car engines to the development of supercharged engines for production vehicles. The engine was based on the power unit of the 911 Carrera RS 3.0 with a capacity of 260 hp, with a torque of 343 Nm, accelerating the car to a maximum speed of more than 250 km / h.
Work on the further improvement of the six-cylinder engine was accompanied by a gradual increase in displacement and power using the most modern technologies for cleaning exhaust gases. Porsche launched the first boxer engines with a catalytic converter and exhaust gas control in 1980. Three years later, it introduced a new generation of naturally aspirated engines with a displacement of 3.2 liters and with digital electronics. All engines were now prepared to run on unleaded RON 91 gasoline, which was not available in many European countries at the time. However, when it appeared, it was possible to quickly adapt to new conditions. In 1988, Porsche refined combustion processes once again and developed a cylinder head with two spark plugs per cylinder.
The pinnacle of technical progress was the air-cooled, naturally-aspirated boxer engine with a displacement of 3.8 liters for the 993 series, which in the top model of the 1995 911 Carrera RS developed 300 hp. The 911 GT2 was launched in a small series, based on the experience gained from participating in auto racing. Initially, its 3.6-liter twin-turbo engine developed 430 hp, while the 1998 model range developed 450 hp. Two turbocharging systems were equipped and
911 Turbo. Equipped with the OBD II emission control system, it became a real world premiere. 408 hp engine was developed on the basis of a 3.6-liter naturally aspirated engine. However, it has undergone such a comprehensive modification that it can be said that it had its own individual design.
1996 world premiere of Porsche's first water-cooled six-cylinder flat-box engine
A breakthrough in the history of Porsche's six-cylinder boxer engines was the powertrain for the new Boxter range, which world premiered in 1996. For the first time, Porsche has used a water-cooled power unit with a displacement of 2.5 liters and an output of 204 hp. No longer constrained by the restrictions imposed by the former air-cooled six-cylinder engine, the developers installed a cylinder head with two camshafts and four valves per cylinder on the new power unit. A year later, the new 911 of the 996 model series appeared, also equipped with a water-cooled engine. This 3.4-liter powerplant was significantly shorter than its predecessor and, above all, flatter. Its power was 300 hp and its rpm was much higher compared to the naturally aspirated engine. In addition, there was the possibility of adjusting the camshafts at the intake, and the VarioCam variable valve timing system appeared. Two years later, this system was supplemented by a valve lift system. Since then, it has been called VarioCam Plus. However, the most important characteristics remained unchanged: a six-cylinder engine, a seven-bearing crankshaft, a dual-mass flywheel and a longitudinally split engine housing. The new 911 Turbo was also converted to water cooling. In 2000, a new 420 hp engine was installed on it. Work on an increase in displacement and power was continued, as a result of which 3.6- and 3.8-liter boxer engines with 355 hp appeared in the mid-2000s.
In 2008, the 911 Carrera and 911 Carrera S received direct injection gasoline engines from a clean slate. With the same displacement, they developed 345 hp. and 385 hp. The engines for the Boxster and Cayman were taken from the same family. Reducing engine displacement to improve fuel efficiency has been a major concern for engine developers since about 2008. Porsche has developed new technology for the 911 991 series, which was launched in 2011, based on knowledge drawn from various fields: the 350 hp boxer engine in the 911 Carrera. received a working volume of 3.4 liters instead of the previous 3.6 liters. And the Carrera S engine with 400 hp. became a 3.8-liter. Both models make it clear that the 991 range has been focused on maximum efficiency in terms of fuel consumption: with a specific gravity of 3.5 kilograms per hp, the new
The 911 Carrera S is ahead of its main competitors. The 911 Carrera and 911 Carrera S also demonstrate the highest fuel consumption in the NEFZ cycle: the 911 Carrera has 8.2 liters per 100 kilometers (194 g / km CO2), while the
In the 911 Carrera S, it is 8.7 liters per 100 kilometers (205 g / km CO2) when each is operated with a Porsche Doppelkupplung gearbox.
The Boxster and Cayman are in the two-seater roadster and coupé segment and have engines with similar specifications. For their 2.7-liter engines, they became winners in their category and were awarded the Engine of the Year award. The Boxster is powered by a 265 hp engine. and uses the same amount of fuel as the Cayman's powertrain with the same power output. The Boxster S and Cayman S are powered by a 3.4-liter engine that develops 315 hp in the roadster and 325 hp in the sports coupe. With the PDK gearbox, they consume 8.0 l / 100 km (188 g / km CO2) per NEFZ cycle.
With all of this, Porsche proves that the six-cylinder boxer engine is not a thing of the past. And an excellent base for the development of efficient sports engines of the future.
Porsche Boxster / Cayman: Urban fuel consumption 12.2 - 10.6 l / 100 km; out of town 6.9 - 5.9 l / 100 km; in the combined cycle 8.8 - 7.7 l / 100 km; CO2 emissions 206 - 180 g / km
Note: The photo material is available to accredited journalists in the Porsche Press Database on the Internet at
This year the Porsche 911 and the six-cylinder boxer are celebrating their 50th anniversary. The main advantages of the engine are its flat shape, light weight and compactness. The six-cylinder boxer engine is smooth running. It lacks the so-called free moments and forces. In addition, boxer engines are very well suited to lower the vehicle's center of gravity. Horizontal cylinders also contribute to this. And the lower the center of gravity is, the sportier the vehicle will drive.
One of the most striking features of Porsche's six-cylinder boxer engines has been and remains the reduced fuel consumption compared to engine power. This excellent performance is based on an overall concept derived from motorsport. This concept assumes the use of lightweight structures, easy spinning up to high rpm and high power density due to an improved gas exchange process.
It was the basic characteristics of these engines that drove the decision in favor of a flat-six when the first 911 was introduced. The result was an air-cooled six-cylinder boxer engine with an axial fan - for high rpm and smoother operation - and overhead camshafts ... For the engine displacement, two liters were initially chosen with the possibility of a subsequent increase to 2.7 liters. At that time, none of the Porsche specialists could even imagine that an engine of this type in its basic form would last until 1998 and that its displacement would increase to 3.8 liters.
History of development
The company emblem is a coat of arms that carries the following information: red and black stripes and antlers are symbols of the German state of Baden-Württemberg (the capital of Baden-Württemberg is the city of Stuttgart), and the inscription "Porsche" and a prancing stallion in the center of the emblem remind that the brand's native Stuttgart was founded as a horse farm in 950. This logo first appeared in 1952, when the brand entered the US market, for better recognition. Previously, the 356 had simply the Porsche lettering on the hoods.
1931-1948: from ideas to mass production
By the time the first car was released under his own name, Ferdinand Porsche had accumulated considerable experience.
In 1931 the enterprise Dr. ing. h. c. F. Porsche GmbH, of which he was the founder and leader, has already worked on projects such as the 16-cylinder racing Auto Union and the Beetle, which has become one of the best-selling cars in history.
In 1939, on the eve of the Second World War, the very first Porsche 64 was developed, in which the features of the future Porsche 356 were already guessed. For the construction of this instance, Ferdinand Porsche used many components from the famous Beetle.
Ferdinand Porsche Jr. became the successor of his father's business. Having received his education and the first skills of independent work, he moved to Stuttgart to work in the company just created by his father.
During the Second World War, the company was engaged in the production of military products - staff vehicles and amphibians. Porsche also took part in the development of the Tiger tanks.
1948-1965: first steps
Since the end of 1945, when his father was imprisoned in France, Ferdinand Jr. moved the family business to the Austrian city of Gmünd, and also took over the production on his own.
Together with Karl Rabe, Ferdinand assembled a prototype of the Porsche 356 and began preparing the model for series production. In June 1948 this specimen was certified for public roads. As well as nine years ago, units from VW Beetle were used here again.
The first production cars had a fundamental difference - the engine was moved behind the rear axle, which made it possible to reduce the cost of production and free up space for two additional seats in the cabin.
PORSCHE ENGINE DESIGN
ENGINE COMPONENTS
An internal combustion engine is an engine that converts chemical energy into mechanical propulsion energy.
The creation of kinetic energy from fuel combustion requires a complex interaction of many mechanical components.
Inline engine
The cylinders in an in-line engine are located one after the other, that is, in a row. This is the most commonly used engine configuration in vehicles.
Benefits:
- simple construction
- economical production
- high smoothness
Disadvantages:
- takes up more space
- high center of gravity
Boxer engine
The cylinders in a boxer engine are opposite each other and slightly offset from each other.
Benefits:
- extra flat and short design
- reduced center of gravity
- high smoothness
Disadvantages:
- complex design with a large number of components
V-shaped engine
The cylinders in the V-shaped engine are grouped into two rows, located at an angle of 60 ° -90 ° to each other. However, the angle can also be 180 °. The difference between the 180 ° V-engine and the boxer engine is that in the boxer engine, each connecting rod is located on a separate crankshaft journal. In a V-shaped engine with a 180 ° cylinder arrangement, one connecting rod journal is divided by two connecting rods, respectively.
Benefits:
- shorter overall length
- high smoothness
- reduced center of gravity
VR engine
Benefits:
- combination of a narrow in-line engine with a short V-engine design
Disadvantages:
- irregular lengths of intake and exhaust strokes
W-shaped motor
In a classic W-engine, three rows are arranged in a "W" shape. The angles between the cylinders are less than 90 °.
A special form of the W-engine is the VR V-engine: in this type of engine, the four cylinder banks are arranged in two rows. The arrangement of the cylinders in the row matches the arrangement of the cylinders in the VR engine, and the two rows of cylinders are located towards each other as in a V-engine.
Benefits:
Porsche 356
The Porsche 356 was initially powered by a modified 4-cylinder air-cooled engine from a Volkswagen and had an open body. To better distribute the mass along the axes on the prototype, Ferdinand Porsche installed the power unit within the chassis, but an option with its rear location went into production, which made it possible to increase the capacity of the passenger compartment. The first series "356" had a coupe body made of aluminum panels and was manufactured in the Austrian town of Gmünde, therefore it is known as Porsche-Gmünde. To announce the then little-known brand, several 356 series cars took part in the races and achieved good results. The usual road-going Porsche 356 could be purchased at a relatively low price, so the demand for a sports car was huge.
To satisfy him, Porsche moved production to Stuttgart, where the Porsche 356 began to be produced with cheaper steel bodies. For production cars, a 4-cylinder boxer engine with a displacement of 1131 cm 3 was used, also borrowed from Volkswagen. Later, Porsche reduced the engine displacement to 1,086 cc, simultaneously changing the shape of the camshaft cams and installing two falling-flow carburetors. So the power of the base motor is 25 hp. at 3000 rpm was increased to 40 hp. at 4000 rpm, while the speed of the car increased to 129 km / h. Then the 356 series was equipped with 1286 engines; 1488 and 1582 cm 3 with power up to 115 hp.
The first German version of the Porsche-356 was a coupe, later a convertible with a soft top or with a removable hard top and a sporty Speedster appeared. The latter became the most interesting and rare model. It was first presented in 1954, but after 2 years production was curtailed, selling 4922 copies. The Porsche-356 was also produced in the Carrera version with an aluminum coupe body and a forced engine with a working volume of 1582 cm 3 with two camshafts, which made it possible to reach speeds of up to 200 km / h
| Porsche 356 (1962) | |
|---|---|
| Engine: | opposed 4-cylinder overhead valve air-cooled |
| 82.5 × 74 mm | |
| Working volume: | 1582 cm 3 |
| Power: | 75 h.p. |
| Transmission: | mechanical 4-speed |
| Frame: | load-bearing welded |
| Suspension: | independent torsion bar of all wheels |
| Brakes: | drum all wheels |
| Body: | 2-seater convertible |
| Maximum speed: | 175 km / h |
Porsche 914
In the late 1960s, Porsche entered into a partnership with Volkswagen, hoping to create a low-cost version of a sports car. The result was the Porsche 914. It was a lightweight, mid-engined two-seater first unveiled at the 1969 Frankfurt Motor Show. Buyers had a choice of two air-cooled boxer engine options: the 4-cylinder Volkswagen or the 6-cylinder Porsche 911. The first version, 914/4, was sold under the Volkswagen brand, the second, 914/6, was sold under the Porsche brand. Although the 914 was equipped with a fairly sophisticated 6-cylinder engine, it was not recognized as a “real Porsche,” and few people were delighted with its plain rectangular body. The sales volume was so insignificant that after 1975 only the Volkswagen variant remained in the program, which was offered with engines of 1,756 and 1971 cc displacement.
| Porsche 914/6 (1975) | |
|---|---|
| Engine: | opposed 6-cylinder overhead valve air-cooled |
| Bore and Stroke: | 80 x 66 mm |
| Working volume: | 1991 cm 3 |
| Power: | 110 h.p. |
| Transmission: | mechanical 5-speed |
| Suspension: | front independent on wishbones with torsion bars, rear lever-spring |
| Brakes: | disc all wheels |
| Body: | 2-door 2-seater convertible |
| Maximum speed: | 206 km / h |
Porsche 356 C (1965)
The Porsche 356S is the latest model in the 356 series. Outwardly, it resembles the legendary "bug" of the Volkswagen company, on the basis of which it was built (up to the torsion bar suspension). In the rear part of the body is installed a 4-cylinder modernized power unit from Volkswagen.
| Engine | |
|---|---|
| Location: | rear longitudinal |
| Design: | opposed 4-cylinder air-cooled, aluminum alloy cylinder block and cylinder heads |
| Bore and Stroke: | 1582 cm 3 |
| Working volume: | 82.5 × 74 mm |
| Compression ratio: | 8,5 |
| Gas distribution system: | central camshaft with pushers and rocker arms |
| Supply system: | two carburetors "Zenith-32DIX" (Zenith) |
| Ignition system: | battery |
| Power: | 75 h.p. at 5200 rpm |
| 117.7 N * m at 4200 rpm | |
| Transmission | |
| Clutch: | single disc dry |
| Transmission: | mechanical 4-speed, gear ratios: 1,765; 1,130; 0.815 |
| Main gear: | conical with spiral teeth, gear ratio - 4.428 |
| Suspension | |
| Front: | independent torsion bar with stabilizers and telescopic shock absorbers |
| Back: | split axle on trailing arms with torsion bars and telescopic shock absorbers (optional - on a transverse spring) |
| Steering: | screw and roller |
| Brakes: | disc all wheels |
| Wheels and tires | |
| Wheels: | stamped in size 5.60 × 15 |
| Tires: | diagonal dimensions 165 × 15 |
| Body: | all-metal load-bearing compartment |
| Dimensions and weight | |
| Length: | 4011 mm |
| Width: | 1671 mm |
| Base: | 2101 mm |
| Track: | front and rear 1305/1273 mm |
| Weight: | 925 kg |
| Maximum speed: | 172 km / h |
| Acceleration time from zero to 100 km / h: | 13.6 s |
| Average fuel consumption: | 9 l / 100 km |
Porsche 911 Turbo
At the 1974 Paris Salon, Porsche unveiled a sports car that eclipsed all other exhibits. It was a Porsche 911 Turbo with a 2.6 liter 260 hp engine, equipped with a turbocharger. It accelerated from standstill to 100 km / h in less than 5.5 seconds, which for that time was a very good indicator even for sports cars. The body was distinguished by its characteristic wide rear fenders and massive spoilers. Over the next years, the Porsche 911 Turbo was upgraded several times, and the engine power gradually increased. The next generation car was equipped with a 3-liter engine, and since 1984 the working volume has increased to 3.3 liters. At the same time, the power increased from 270 to 300 hp, and in 1991 to 320 hp. Since 1992, the new "Turbo 3.6" has been powered by a 360 hp engine, which since 1996 has increased to 408 hp. Since 1997, the Porsche-911 Turbo-S engine has been producing 450 hp. The car reaches a top speed of 300 km / h.
| Porsche 911 Turbo 3.3 (1984) | |
|---|---|
| Engine: | opposed 6-cylinder turbocharged |
| Bore and Stroke: | 97 x 74.4 mm |
| Working volume: | 3299 cm 3 |
| Power: | 300 h.p. |
| Transmission: | mechanical 4-speed |
| Frame: | welded platform |
| Suspension: | front independent type "MacPherson", rear lever-torsion bar |
| Brakes: | disc all wheels |
| Body: | 2-seater compartment |
| Maximum speed: | 260 km / h |
Porsche 928
This model, introduced in 1977, was the most comfortable in the Porsche program, a kind of German Ferrari. At first, it was equipped with an 8-cylinder V-shaped engine with 4474 cm 3 liquid cooling with a capacity of 240 hp. The five-speed gearbox was located in the same block with the main gear. The car had good dynamic qualities. However, for a car of this class, they were quite ordinary. Two years later, a modification of the 928S appeared with an engine of 4664 cm 3, which already developed 300 hp. In 1983, another, more comfortable modification appeared with an engine increased to 310 hp. power. For better sales in the United States, the car was equipped with an automatic 4-speed gearbox. The Porsche-968 was distinguished by its excellent driving characteristics, which, not least of all, was explained by the special kinematics of the rear suspension of the "Transaxle" type. Despite the mediocre aerodynamics of the body, the latest modification with a 310 hp engine. developed a speed of up to 255 km / h and had good dynamics. From standstill to 100 km / h, it accelerated in 6.2 s (with a manual transmission). 
| Porsche 928S (1984) | |
|---|---|
| Engine: | V8 with overhead camshafts and liquid cooling |
| Bore and Stroke: | 97 x 78.9 mm |
| Working volume: | 4664 cm 3 |
| Power: | 310 h.p. |
| Transmission: | mechanical 5-speed or automatic 4-speed |
| Frame: | carrier platform |
| Suspension: | fully independent, front - type "MacPherson", rear - multi-link type "Transexl" |
| Brakes: | disc all wheels |
| Body: | compartment with 2 + 2 seats |
| Maximum speed: | 255 km / h |
Porsche 968
The Porsche 968 is the direct successor to the 944 model. This car appeared in 1991. The firm has once again made an attempt to create a fairly cheap car. Structurally, "968" slightly differed from its predecessor "944" and used a number of units and parts from the serial models "Volkswagen" and "Audi" (Audi). The power unit was a 4-cylinder engine with a working volume of 2990 cm 3, which was equipped with balance shafts to increase the smoothness of operation. Its power was 240 hp, and in the 968 Turbo-S, equipped with a turbocharger, it was 305 hp. However, this generally decent car was prohibitively expensive. It has lost a large number of customers it was originally intended for.
| Porsche 968 (1992) | |
|---|---|
| Engine: | inline 4-cylinder 16-valve with two overhead camshafts |
| Bore and Stroke: | 104 x 88 mm |
| Working volume: | 2990 cm 3 |
| Power: | 240 h.p. at 6200 rpm |
| Transmission: | mechanical 6-speed or automatic 4-speed |
| Suspension: | independent of all wheels |
| Brakes: | ventilated disc all wheels |
| Body: | load-bearing 2-door coupe or convertible with 2 + 2 seats |
| Maximum speed: | 252 km / h |
Porsche boxster
When the Porsche Boxster prototype was first presented to the public in 1993, it was immediately seen as a promising concept for the next decade. After 3 years, the prototype was replaced by the serial "Boxter", which immediately became a car bestseller. The characteristic lines of the front end and the sloping rear end speak of the relationship between the "Boxter" and the legendary "Porsche-911", otherwise their design is not repeated.
The body has acquired two side air intakes, individual, not merged into a single block, lamps of an unusual shape appeared at the back. The Boxter (for the first time on rear-engined machines) has a liquid-cooled engine. The new boxer 24-valve "six" with two camshafts in the cylinder heads has a displacement of 2.5 liters and is located longitudinally in the center of the chassis in front of the rear axle, which provides a low center of gravity and high stability.
"Boxter" is equipped with a 5-speed manual or automatic transmission of the Tiptronic type, which provides two modes of switching: automatic or manual. In the latter case, gear shifting is carried out using special buttons ("plus" and "minus") located on the steering wheel. The “Boxter” fabric top is electrically placed in a special compartment behind the seats in just 11 eu. On request, you can install the original hard removable top, which gives the "Boxter" a specific appearance.
| Porsche Boxster (1997) | |
|---|---|
| Engine: | opposed 6-cylinder 24-valve liquid-cooled |
| Bore and Stroke: | 85.5 x 72.0 mm |
| Working volume: | 2480 cm 3 |
| Power: | 204 h.p. at 6000 rpm |
| Transmission: | mechanical or automatic 5-speed |
| Suspension: | independent type "MacPherson" of all wheels |
| Brakes: | front and rear ventilated discs |
| Body: | load-bearing 2-seater roadster |
| Maximum speed: | 240 km / h |
Porsche 911 Carrera (1984)
Lightweight and powerful flat 6-cylinder engine equipped with Weber carburetors.
| Engine | |
|---|---|
| Location: | rear longitudinal |
| Design: | opposed 6-cylinder air-cooled |
| Bore and Stroke: | 95 × 74.4 mm |
| Working volume: | 3164 cm 3 |
| Compression ratio: | 10,3 |
| Gas distribution system: | one overhead camshaft per cylinder block |
| Supply system: | electronic fuel injection control system "Bosch Motronic" (Bosch Motronic) |
| Power: | 231 h.p. at 5900 rpm |
| Maximum torque: | 280.6 N * m at 4800 rpm |
| Transmission | |
| Clutch: | single disc dry |
| Transmission: | mechanical 5-speed, gear ratios: 3.181; 1.833; 1.261; 0.966; 0.763; reverse gear - 3.325 |
| Main gear: | bevel with spiral teeth, gear ratio - 3.875 |
| Suspension | |
| Front: | independent system "MacPherson" with torsion bars, shock absorbers and anti-roll bars |
| Back: | independent torsion bar on trailing arms with shock absorbers and anti-roll bars |
| Steering: | rack and pinion |
| Brakes: | ventilated with vacuum booster |
| Wheels and tires | |
| Wheels: | cast from light alloy |
| Tires: | front size 185 / 70VR15, rear - 215 / 60VR15 |
| Body: | load-bearing 2-door coupe with 2 + 2 seats |
| Dimensions and weight | |
| Length: | 4290 mm |
| Width: | 1649 mm |
| Base: | 2271 mm |
| Track: | front and rear 1372/1379 mm |
| Weight: | 1160 kg |
| Maximum speed: | 245 km / h |
| Average fuel consumption: | at a speed of 90 km / h - 6.8 liters; at 120 km / h - 9.0 liters; in a conditional urban cycle - 13.6
|
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The automotive industry is an area where the hydrogen engine may be widely used in the future. Water, railway transport, aviation, as well as various auxiliary special equipment can use power plants of this type.
Both subsidiaries and large auto concerns (BMW, Volskwagen, Toyota, GM, Daimler AG and others) are interested in introducing hydrogen engine technology. Already on the roads you can find not only prototypes, but also full-fledged representatives of the model range, driven by hydrogen. BMW 750i Hydrogen, Honda FSX, Toyota Mirai and many other models have performed well in road tests. Unfortunately, the high cost of hydrogen, the lack of a filling station infrastructure, as well as a sufficient number of qualified employees, equipment for repair and maintenance do not allow such cars to be launched into mass production. Optimization of the entire cycle of oxyhydrogen gas use is an initial task for the development of hydrogen energy.
Cars from the price category "over a hundred" are not bought by reason and calculation. They are taken with heart and emotions, when the reliability and cost of maintenance are not particularly important. The Porsche 911 is a classic example. By the way, everything turned out okay with reliability.
Instead of the controversial 996, the 997 was shown at the 2004 Frankfurt Motor Show. As you can imagine, this was the next generation. Dream car. However, only a few have the ability to implement it. Even people without financial problems do not always have enough fortitude to purchase this car. The 911 is a car with character. This will not fall under everyone. After the premiere, versions began to appear: GT3, GT3 RS, Turbo GT2 and GT2 RS. It is not difficult to get lost in them. Until now, many people do not know how, for example, modification 4 differs from 4S. Or the Carrera from Turbo. And when it turns out that all this confusion of abbreviations is largely true for the convertible and partly for the Targa body, you want to forget about Porsche forever. However, take your time. It is truly a sports car without compromise. And its quality is worthy of the title of a dream car. Just think, today there are exactly 22 versions in the 911 lineup! Take a look at the site, make sure for the sake of sports interest.
2005-2009. In addition to the head unit of the audio system, which stops returning discs, the amplifier is often covered, which is determined by the noise from the speakers. An unpleasant problem is a leaking hatch. Occasionally pull-out cup holders or interior door handles seize. But this is all nonsense. Overall, the cabin can be considered a model of the most meticulous approach to truly premium quality. Over time, he only absorbs emotions and the car becomes even more coveted
Among the power units, only gasoline boxer engines with a volume of 3.6, 3.8 and 4.0 liters were used. The power scale varies for different versions from 325 to 620 "horses". Naturally aspirated engines, with one turbine, with two ... Porsche supercharging is considered the most efficient. There are no turbo bucks here, and the faster you go, the more efficiently the engine starts to work. The transmissions are good too. The 6-mortar "mechanic" is beyond competition, there is even a machine gun. But the fastest is the PDK robotic box with two clutches. And in terms of reliability, by the way, it's not a miss at all.
Only a cold mind
When it comes to standard automotive values \u200b\u200b- reliability of the mechanical part, electronics, corrosion resistance - you can safely put fives on all points of the 911. Galvanizing the body prevents it from rusting, and the sporting safety margin of engines and transmissions with regular maintenance (and if you do not participate in races and drag battles) will allow you to skate without major repairs up to 250,000 km and even more.On the electrical side, there are problems. For example, the multimedia head unit is buggy: it goes out or does not return the disks. But in the context of the cost of the car, these costs are not large. There are isolated cases of cylinder damage. However, the problem has affected a small number of Porsche 911. Nevertheless, it is quite often necessary to replace the broken ignition coils and the belt tensioner of the ancillary units together with the pulley. What should you pay attention to when choosing a car? First of all, on the condition of the clutch and drive shafts. The previous owner, how to drink, did not buy a 911 in order to take the child to school on it in the morning. The steering tips and rods do not differ in strength, although in the context, again, all this is nonsense. The main thing is to carefully examine the engine and transmission for leaks, especially around the main axle RMS (rear crankshaft oil seal). In addition, there are oil leaks through the oil cooler (fastening weakens) and problems with the cooling system (cracking of the pipes and failure of the pump). It will not be superfluous to get into the cylinders with an endoscope to check their mirror surface. Nuances do happen.
2009-2012. Reliability - stable. Based on the results of comparative technical inspections, the condition of the car is much better than many of its peers, premium colleagues. But when you buy a Porsche, accept the high cost of ownership. The main components and consumables are not too expensive, but you will have to visit the gas station relatively often (if you "heat", the gas consumption is up to 30 l / 100 km) and regularly change tires, brake discs and pads
Why do we give such a guarantee?
- 1. Exact adherence to the factory technologies for the restoration of engine parts
- 2. Using only high quality spare parts
- 3. Ensuring the maximum cleanliness of the assembly
- 4. Only qualified master
- 5. Years of experience in the field of repair and tuning of automobile engines
- The guarantee issue is very important. With a complete overhaul of the engine, we are completely confident in the quality of our work: in the quality of repair of parts, in the cleanliness of the assembly, in the quality of spare parts, oils, fluids. We do not limit the mileage, but give a 6 month warranty, subject to routine maintenance. We carry out the first MOT (oil and filter change) after 1000 km or one month after the car is issued. The first TO allows us to control the levels of liquids, the absence of any leaks, fogging, the correct operation of all systems and assemblies. Subsequent maintenance occurs every 7000 km, after the end of the warranty, we strongly recommend observing this service interval.